微囊藻CO2-浓缩机制基因型的动态变化及其对CO2的竞争效应

由于具有高效的CO₂-浓缩机制,蓝藻在低CO₂浓度条件下具有竞争优势。然而,随着大气中CO₂浓度急剧增加,蓝藻CO₂-浓缩机制如何响应的研究较少。因此,本文以常见水华蓝藻——微囊藻为研究对象,通过对滇池微囊藻水华动态及不同CO₂-浓缩机制基因型进行监测,探讨蓝藻CO₂-浓缩机制基因的微进化特征及其动态变化。同时,设置高(0.08%)、中(0.04%)、低(0.02%)CO₂浓度(V/V)进一步揭示微囊藻不同CO₂-浓缩机制基因微进化对CO₂的竞争效应。结果表明:滇池无机碳浓度在4个采样点存在空间差异性,均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,并以HCO₃^-为主要无机碳存在形式。调查期间,东大河、观音山、洛龙河和生态所4个采样点的微囊藻均以sbtA基因型占绝对优势,相对丰度远高于bicA基因型。在不同水华时期,bicA基因型和sbtA基因型呈现相反的变化趋势,即从...     

Coral reef health and effects of socio-economic factors in Fiji and Cook Islands

This research focuses on coral reef health in the South Pacific region, an area of high global coral diversity. Coral reef health surrounding four island case studies in the Cook Islands and Fiji have been assessed in areas that have not been previously surveyed. This study compares four islands with barrier and fringing reefs that have different levels of economic development, population pressure, land-use practices, and marine management practices. This interdisciplinary research methodology includes both ecological and social data collection to further understanding of human environment interactions. In comparing the reefs with different socio-economic factors, this research shows that reefs with traditional systems of resources management are healthier, population pressure is not the main factor causing the demise of the reefs and agro-industry is the main industry causing the degradation of the reef in these four South Pacific Islands. In addition, researchers need to use a whole reef perspective to examine coral reef health.     

The influence of a flood event on phytoplankton succession

The effect of the August 1987 River Reuss flood event on the phytoplankton biocoenosis in Lake Uri (Urnersee, part of Lake Lucerne, Switzerland) was investigated firstly by comparing biological, chemical and physical data sampled before the event with equivalent data sampled after the event; and secondly by comparing the phytoplankton succession in 1987 with that occurring in the floodfree year 1989. As a consequence of the flood, the physical and chemical environment of the phytoplankton was found to have undergone a change which resulted in an alteration in the composition of the phytoplankton community. The phytoplankton community existing previous to the flood event, which had been dominated byTabellaria fenestrata sensu Husted 1930 (K-strategist), was replaced by a biocoenosis characterized mainly by various species of flagellates, which represent a typical spring successional stage (r-strategists). After the externally-imposed perturbation, the return to stable physical and chemical conditions was followed by the re-establishment of the successional stage which had existed before the flood (termed reversion by Reynolds, 1980).     

松嫩平原湿地植被对生境干-湿交替的响应

扎龙湿地和向海湿地水分布存在不均一性，生境中有“干-湿”交替过程。选取“干-湿”界面上沼泽植被与草甸植被共存的群落片断分别设置15个固定样方，生长季内4个月观测结果表明：扎龙湿地和向海湿地生境旱生化时羊草为优势种群，湿生化时芦苇为优势种群，芦苇沼泽群落和羊草草甸群落随生境“干-湿”交替过程相互演替，演替过程既受生境水分波动的影响，又由优势种群内在生物学特性决定。     

浙江桐庐晚奥陶世晚期沉积层序和沉积环境分析

文昌组上段顶部是一套潮汐层理非常发育的泥质砂岩或砂质泥岩,存在双向交错层理,层面有雨痕,应为潮坪沉积。潮坪沉积由小型层序构成,小型层序又是由砂、泥质单层组成。砂质单层底部通常为岩性突变面或侵蚀面,砂质纹层较厚,其中可见对称波痕或泥砾;向上砂质纹层变薄,过渡到泥质单层。砂质单层形成于暴风浪时期,泥质单层是风浪衰减后恢复正常的潮汐沉积。因此,小型层序从成因上说是一风暴层序。碎屑成份、砾石成份分析表明沉积物均来自华夏古陆的沉积岩和变质岩基底。物源一致,岩层产状变化不大,反映文昌组沉积环境稳定。岩性、粒度分析表明文昌组是一向上变细、由浅海高能环境向近岸低能环境过渡的沉积层序。文昌组下段为浅海砂岩沉积,上段顶部为潮坪沉积。二者之间是一套夹砾岩透镜体的泥质粉细砂岩,其沉积环境应介于浅海和滨岸之间,为水下岸坡沉积。砾岩层只是大的沉积旋回中出现的事件性水下冲积物。     

华南西部新元古代中期沉积盆地性质及其动力学分析

在桂北,新元古代丹洲群出露在九万大山至越城岭一带,为一套角度不整合在中——新元古界四堡群变质岩系之上,整合于南华冰期沉积之下的浅变质/未变质沉积岩夹火山岩组合。本文通过对罗城黄金丹洲群剖面的沉积相及沉积序列研究表明:白竹组至合桐组为冲洪积相(移地滨岸相)、三角洲相、浅海陆棚相、碳酸盐缓坡(台地)、深水陆棚相(或欠补偿盆地相)等沉积组合,拱洞组为深水浊积岩、浅海陆棚相沉积组合,晚期为滨浅海相或三角洲相组合。综合剖面沉积相、沉积层序以及其中多幕式的火山—岩浆活动等沉积记录分析,作者认为与新元古代新生沉积盆地开启相伴的双模式的、同期的、一系列大火成岩省的形成,沉积盆地早期的海侵上超和饥饿沉积,晚期差异沉降和快速充填,以及与盆地演化阶段相伴的幕式火山岩浆活动等一系列事实与弧陆碰撞模式是相矛盾的,丹洲群及其相当层位地层应为裂谷盆地充填序列,其盆地演化的阶段性可能是地幔柱幕式活动的沉积响应。     

Diagnostic monitoring of a changing environment: an alternative UK perspective

Adaptive management of the marine environment requires an understanding of the complex interactions within it. Establishing levels of natural variability within and between marine ecosystems is a necessary prerequisite to this process and requires a monitoring programme which takes account of the issues of time, space and scale. In this paper, we argue that an ecosystem approach to managing the marine environment should take direct account of climate change indicators at a regional level if it is to cope with the unprecedented change expected as a result of human impacts on the earth climate system. We discuss the purpose of environmental monitoring and the importance of maintaining long-term time series. Recommendations are made on the use of these data in conjunction with modern extrapolation and integration tools (e.g. ecosystem models, remote sensing) to provide a diagnostic approach to the management of marine ecosystems, based on adaptive indicators and dynamic baselines.     

北极新奥尔松Austre Lovénbreen冰川退缩迹地不同演替阶段的植物组成与植被群落特征分析

为开展新奥尔松地区苔原植物生长和植被演替对冰川退缩响应的研究,在Austre Lovénbreen冰川(简称A冰川)前沿不同年代冰缘线附近布设了植被样方,调查了样方内植物组成与群落结构。结果表明:(1)A冰川1990年冰缘线代表植被演替的初始阶段,样方内仅出现先锋植物挪威虎耳草(Saxifraga oppositifolia);(2)1936年冰缘线代表冰川退缩长达75年后植被发育的情况,样方内植物种类和个体数明显增多,植被群落以木本植物极柳(Salix polaris)和草本植物黄葶苈(Draba bellii)为主,地衣以寒生肉疣衣(Ochrolechia frigida)和鸡皮衣(Pertusaria sp.)等壳状地衣为主;(3)随着冰川迹地形成时间更长,植被趋向成熟阶段发展,样方内极柳占绝对优势,地衣的物种多样性和盖度显著增加,出现雪黄岛衣(Flavocetraria nivalis)和刺岛衣(Cetraria aculeata)等叶状地衣。初步结果表明冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,群落结构发生着显著变化。     

Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas

Climate change impacts increase pressure on challenges to sustainability and the developmental needs of cities. Conventional, “hard” adaptation measures are often associated with high costs, inflexibility and conflicting interests related to the dense urban fabric, and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) has emerged as a potentially cost-efficient, comprehensive, and multifunctional approach. This paper reviews and systematises research on urban EbA. We propose an analytical framework that draws on theory from ecosystem services, climate change adaptation and sustainability science. It conceptualises EbA in terms of five linked components: ecological structures, ecological functions, adaptation benefits, valuation, and ecosystem management practices.Our review identified 110 articles, reporting on 112 cities, and analysed them using both quantitative statistical and qualitative content analysis. We found that EbA research in an urban context is fragmented due to different disciplinary approaches and concepts. Most articles focus on heat or flooding, and the most studied ecological structures for reducing the risk of such hazards are green space, wetlands, trees and parks. EbA is usually evaluated in bio-geophysical terms and the use of economic or social valuations are rare. While most articles do not mention specific practices for managing ecological structures, those that do imply that urban EbA strategies are increasingly being integrated into institutional structures. Few articles considered issues of equity or stakeholder participation in EbA.We identified the following challenges for future EbA research. First, while the large amount of data generated by isolated case studies contributes to systems knowledge, there is a lack of systems perspectives that position EbA in relation to the wider socio-economic and bio-geophysical context. Second, normative and ethical aspects of EbA require more thought, such as who are the winners and losers, especially in relation to processes that put people at risk from climate-related hazards. Third, there is room for more forward-looking EbA research, including consideration of future scenarios, experimentation in the creation of new ecological structures and the role of EbA in transformative adaptation.     

黑龙江鸡东盆地中中新世湖盆演变和植被变化研究

黑龙江鸡东盆地是受古、新近纪敦密断裂带作用而形成的断陷含煤盆地。依据该盆地91-205钻孔永庆组的岩性变化特点和盆地构造演化阶段,识别和阐述了中中新世湖盆发育的3个阶段,即早期湖泊形成发展阶段、中期湖泊扩张最大阶段和晚期湖泊收缩衰退阶段,并揭示湖泊阶段性发展的旋回性特征。根据孢粉资料,恢复湖盆各个不同发育阶段的古植被面貌,重建当时的古气候。结果表明植被经历了北亚热带含常绿阔叶成分的落叶阔叶林、暖温带—北亚热带落叶阔叶林以及含亚高山针叶树种的暖温带—北亚热带落叶阔叶林阶段,鸡东盆地中中新世湖泊的演变和植被更替存在着潜在的关联。