基于生态复杂性的湿地生态系统健康评价——-以石家庄地区滹沱河岗黄段为例

湿地生态系统是一个非常复杂的组织系统,具有整体性、生态功能、服务功能、自我维持和调控功能。本研 究在生态复杂性理论的基础上,结合河北省石家庄地区的滹沱河岗黄段湿地的特点,从系统结构、系统状态、系统 结构功能和系统协调度四个方面建立湿地生态系统健康诊断的评价体系及健康分级标准,并用模糊综合评判模型 对滹沱河岗黄段湿地的健康状况进行了综合评价。评价结果显示,该湿地系统健康指数为0.619,处于亚健康状态。     

Towards a heterogeneous environmental responsibility: sustainability and cycling fundamentalism

This article explores the urban governmentalities that are emerging through the discursive constitution of cycling as a form of sustainable transport. It has two main aims. The first is to explore and critique the strategies and discourses used to promote cycling as a sustainable form of transport. We argue that cycling advocacy displays totalising tendencies which obscure social and cultural difference, ignore the embodied and affective dimensions of transport practices and fail in part to apprehend the heterogeneity of environmental responsibility. Our second aim is to tentatively suggest a more productive way of knowing and talking about cycling that might be constitutive of a less exclusionary affective ethical sensibility.     

对黄、东海水母暴发机理的新认知

基于大量实验结果和大规模海上考察和综合分析,从基础生物学和生态学的角度,对中国近海水母暴发的机理提出一种新的理论模式:水母生活史中的大部分时间以水螅体的形式生活在海底;水母种群的暴发是水螅体对环境变异的一种应激反应,是为了逃避动荡环境、扩大分布范围、寻求新的生存空间,为种群繁衍需求更多的机会的一种生存策略。导致水母种群暴发的关键过程是海洋底层温度的变动和饵料数量的变化,全球气候变化和富营养化是中国近海水母暴发的最重要诱发因素。水母暴发是全球变化下海洋生态系统演变的一种综合体现。     

Towards the implementation of an integrated ecosystem fleet-based management of European fisheries

Using the Celtic Sea and the North Sea as case studies, the fleet-based approach is shown to be the pathway to implement an effective ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) in European seas. First, a diagnostic on the health of each ecosystem is proposed based on the reconstruction of long time-series of catch, the analysis of mean indicators or stocks trajectories derived from ICES stock assessment results, and the analysis of ecosystem indicators. Then, a fleet-based synthesis is presented using indicators of both the ecological impact and the economic performances of the major fleets operating within each ecosystem. In particular, assessment diagrams show whether each fleet segment, on average, sustainably exploits the stocks. Although results are preliminary due to the poor quality of available data, the analysis shows that simple indicators can be estimated and clearly highlight contrasts between fleet segments. Such an approach contributes to the evolution from a stock-based to a fleet-based management, which reflects the ecological, economical and social pillars of the sustainable development of fisheries.     

衡水湖流域生态系统健康评价

生态系统健康评价是当前环境科学和生态学研究的热点问题之一,流域尺度的生态系统健康评价是生态系统健康评价研究的一个重要发展方向。对流域进行生态系统健康评价,将为流域的规划、管理和保护以及流域综合治理提供决策依据。回顾了国内外流域生态健康评价的历史和现状,阐述了流域生态系统健康评价的主要理论与方法。以衡水湖国家级湿地自然保护区为例,建立了评价指标体系,并据此对该流域进行了生态健康评价,结果表明:衡水湖流域生态系统健康处于中等或者亚病态,最后提出衡水湖生态健康可持续发展的建议。     

A robust damage detection method developed for offshore jacket platforms using modified artificial immune system algorithm

Steel jacket-type platforms are the common kind of the offshore structures and health monitoring is an important issue in their safety assessment.In the present study,a new damage detection method is adopted for this kind of structures and inspected experimentally by use of a laboratory model.The method is investigated for developing the robust damage detection technique which is less sensitive to both measurement and analytical model uncertainties.For this purpose,incorporation of the artificial immune system with weighted attributes(AISWA) method into finite element(FE) model updating is proposed and compared with other methods for exploring its effectiveness in damage identification.Based on mimicking immune recognition,noise simulation and attributes weighting,the method offers important advantages and has high success rates.Therefore,it is proposed as a suitable method for the detection of the failures in the large civil engineering structures with complicated structural geometry,such as the considered case study.     

Health Risk Assessment for Arsenic in Water Sources of Cankiri Province of Turkey

To investigate the levels of arsenic (As) in the water sources of Cankiri Province, the samples were collected from the stations of central Cankiri (n = 27) and Kursunlu town (n = 12) during 2009 and 2010. The concentrations of As were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and then compared with permissible limit, 10 µg/L in drinking water, by Turkish legislation and World Health Organization (WHO). The As levels were higher than this limit (mean value 10–30 µg/L in 26 stations), whereas, they were found to be >30 µg/L in 12 sampling points. The water sources were categorized for health risk assessment such as reservoir, tap, well, and spring, and then chronic daily intake for oral and dermal exposure to As via drinking water, hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index were calculated by using indices. The HQ values were found to be >1 in all samples of Cankiri Province. The effects of As on human health were then evaluated using carcinogenic risk (CR). CR values for As were also estimated to be >10^?5 in drinking water samples of Cankiri Province and might exert potential CR for people. These assessments would point out required drinking water treatment strategy to ensure safety of consumers.     

芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属粒径效应及其健康风险评价

对芜湖市区高新技术开发区、中心城区、经济技术开发区等21个地表灰尘样品中重金属含量的粒径分布效应及其细粒径灰尘重金属健康风险进行分析。结果表明:芜湖市区地表灰尘中9种重金属含量的变化范围较大,并存在不同程度的污染,其中Cd的平均值是土壤背景值的30倍以上。Zn、Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu含量在经济技术开发区最大,Mn在高新技术开发区最大,Cr、V在中心城区最大。不同重金属的粒径分布效应差异较大,大部分重金属在160~200目粒径段的含量最高。重金属主要富集在75μm粒径级别上,富集比例约为50%,大小顺序依次为:CdCuZnCrNiPbCoVMn。手-口摄入途径是儿童对细粒径地表灰尘重金属暴露的主要途径。不同重金属非致癌风险大小依次为:PbCrMnVCuCdCoNiZn,均不构成明显的风险,但经济技术开发区的各重金属叠加风险指数达1.266,存在非致癌风险。Cr、Cd、Co和Ni致癌风险均低于风险阈值,不会对人体造成健康危害。     

西宁市城市生态系统健康评价

从城市生态系统健康的内涵出发,选择系统活力、组织力、恢复力、生态服务功能和人群健康状况构建城市健康评价指标体系,并运用模糊数学评价的方法对2000～2008年西宁市城市生态系统健康状况进行评价分析。结果表明:2000～2008年西宁市城市生态系统健康状况总体处于病态水平,但逐年趋向于健康方向发展,人均GDP、城市人口密度、人均绿地面积、生活污水处理率、高等学历数和恩格尔系数是胁迫西宁市城市生态健康的主要因子;预测未来3年西宁市病态和不健康的隶属度将呈下降趋势,而健康和很健康的隶属度将呈上升趋势,西宁市城市生态健康状态将达到亚健康水平。     

环境地理与人类健康研究成果与展望

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所倡导和建立了化学地理研究机构,是我国最早从事环境科学研究的单位之一,推动了环境质量调查、环境质量评价、环境背景、环境容量和环境治理等理论和技术的建立和发展;长期进行克山病、大骨节病等地方病的调查及其环境病因与防治的研究,为上述疾病的控制做出了重大贡献;创立和发展了中国的医学地理学研究体系。2000年以后,在持续开展西部地方病地理流行规律和稀土元素生物地球化学循环研究基础上,重点开展了重金属等污染物及全球环境变化的健康风险评价研究,拓展了区域碳、氮、磷等生命元素的生物地球化学循环与温室气体排放的关系研究,强化了环境污染治理和健康保护的技术研究。实现了从化学地理到环境地理、从医学地理到健康地理的转变。未来的环境地理与人类健康研究将以地理环境的化学属性为重点,以人口健康保护为核心,探讨环境保护、社会经济发展和人类健康安全在整体上协调的机制与途径。