Catching a wave? A case study on incorporating storm protection benefits into Habitat Equivalency Analysis

Since Hurricane Sandy, there has been heightened attention to increasing the resilience of coastal communities to extreme events, including storm protection provided by coastal ecosystems. Storm protection benefits (SPB) are the ability of ecosystems, including wetlands, reefs, and beaches/dunes, to attenuate waves and storm surge. SPB are a topic of growing interest in the scientific and policy spheres, including discussions of how to incorporate SPB into existing policies. As an engine for restoration and a leading mechanism for the evaluation of ecosystem services, Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) provides a platform for better internalizing this and other services into decision-making particularly using Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA). HEA does not explicitly account for impacts to ecosystem services that flow from one habitat to an adjacent one. This study examines a hypothetical case study of an oil spill that impacts a marsh with resulting impacts on SPB to the adjacent upland forest. To more fully assess these impacts, a “nested HEA” was developed which accounts for cross-habitat ecosystem service flows. The nested HEA captures the impacts of the marsh loss on the forest due to wave and saltwater intrusion that would not be captured by a traditional HEA. By adapting the HEA approach with a nested HEA, NRDA could quantify direct ecosystem services losses as well as additional cross-service flows between habitats. However, additional data are needed in order to perform a nested HEA, and in the case of SPB, location-specific data likely will be needed to appropriately specify the model.     

基于综合指标法的鄱阳湖生态系统健康评价

由于湖泊生态问题日益突出,湖泊生态系统安全状态已经成为人们关注的热点问题,了解湖泊水生态系统的状况并根据湖泊生态系统健康状况开展精准治理和生态修复与保护尤为重要。本文基于对鄱阳湖及其流域生态环境的长期监测数据和资料收集,采用综合指标体系法,从物理形态、水文、水环境、水域生态、湿地生态和社会服务6个方面构建了鄱阳湖生态系统健康评估的指标体系,主要涵盖了湖泊口门状况、“五河”入湖径流变异程度、入湖河流水质达标率等26个指标。依据设置的阈值等级得到鄱阳湖生态系统健康评价各层次健康状况等级,通过对各湖泊生态系统各指标得分进行加权计算,得出生态系统健康评估准则层和目标层的得分,最终对鄱阳湖生态系统健康进行了客观的评价。结果表明,构建的湖泊生态系统健康评价体系针对性强、科学全面、具有可操作性,可为鄱阳湖及类似通江湖泊的生态系统健康评价提供案例和方法借鉴。评价结果表明鄱阳湖健康体征状况目标层得分为73.45分,评价结果为亚健康,鄱阳湖水生态系统健康主要受泄流能力、水文节律变化、富营养化程度和物种多样性的影响。最后根据鄱阳湖的水生态系统健康评分等级探讨了鄱阳湖水生态系统中亟需解决的问题,针对性地提出了...     

IPCC AR6报告解读：陆地和淡水生态系统及其服务变化

IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第二工作组（WGII）报告的第二章表明,气候变化对陆地和淡水生态系统影响的范围和程度较前期评估结果更为严峻。人为气候变化导致生态系统结构、功能和恢复力恶化,生物群落转移,疾病的传播范围和发病率增加,野火燃烧面积增加和持续时间延长,局部地区物种灭绝,极端天气的频率和强度增加。未来气温升高2~4℃情景下,陆地和淡水生态系统中高灭绝风险物种占比为10%~13%,野火燃烧面积增加35%~40%,森林地区50%以上树木面临死亡风险,15%~35%的生态系统结构发生转变,碳损失持续增加,气温的升高将进一步加剧这些风险造成的严重且不可逆的影响。通过生态系统保护和恢复等人为适应和减缓措施,可以在一定程度的气候变化范围内保护生态系统的生物多样性并增强生态系统服务在气候变化下的恢复力。加剧的气候变化将阻碍适应措施的制定和实施,为保证措施的有效性需要考虑气候变化的长期影响并加快适应措施的部署。     

西部生态系统震害及其基本防御措施

中国西部生态系统特征突出,也是地震多发区和强烈区。西部生态系统承受震害能力很弱,地震灾害与多种灾害之间构成了一个整体的联系,具有系统性或网络性特征。网络性表现为连发性、群发性、影响长期性和长程关联性。提出了西部生态系统震害防御的九条基本措施。     

基于闪烁仪观测低丘山地人工混交林通量印痕与源区分布

参考Meijninger提出的适用于大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)法的印痕模型,利用位于河南省济源市的华北低丘山地30年生栓皮栎-侧柏-刺槐人工林生态系统的主要生长季2009年5～9月通量等观测数据,计算、分析了该森林生态系统的通量印痕及源区分布.结果表明:①以90%通量贡献区面积为测算对象,不同风向条件下,在大气不稳定时,东南风向时源区面积最小,为1.1547 km2,西南风下最大,为1.5237 km2;在大气层结稳定时,西北风向时源区最小,为1.7271 km2,西南风向时最大,为3.5289 km2.并且在大气不稳定时的源区面积均小于稳定条件下的面积.其中,大气层结稳定时面积最小的西北风向时的源区面积比不稳定时面积最大的西南风向时的源区面积还要大11.8%.②以90%通量贡献区面积为测算对象,晴天条件下,由于湍流交换的逐渐加强,上午源区面积由8:00的1.1483 km2减小到11:00的0.4518 km2.中午之后,湍流交换逐渐减弱,大气趋向稳定层结,源区面积由14:00的0.4779 km2增加到17:00的0.7137 km2.通量源区面积的日变化趋势与大气稳定状况和湍流交换变化趋势大致一致.③以80%通量贡献区面积为测算对象,受大气状况、风向及下垫面性状的影响,各月通量源区各不相同.2009年5～9月期间,各月源区面积分别为1.834、1.680、2.043、1.671、1.380 km2.     

长沙市湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估研究

采用资源经济学和生态经济学的理论和方法,对长沙市湿地生态系统服务功能进行货币化评估,评估结果表明:长沙市湿地生态服务总价值为3.393×106万元,各项服务价值从大到小依次为:净化环境价值、物质生产价值、释放O2价值、固碳价值、调蓄洪水价值、休闲旅游价值、教育科研价值、栖息地价值、涵养水源价值。与1998年相比,2007年物质生产价值增加了4.9×104万元;而涵养水源价值降低了1000万元;休闲旅游和教育科研价值都降低了1.4×104万元;生物栖息价值降低了7000万元;净化环境功能降低了8.8×104万元。物质价值增加是因为生产力增强,水田面积增加,使得水稻产量增加。随着湖泊、河流和库塘湿地面积的减少,其他服务功能都有所降低。应科学合理、可持续地开发和利用长沙市现有的湿地资源。     

Review on Vegetation Phenology Observation and Phenological Index Extraction

Vegetation phenology directly reflects the response of ecosystem physiological and ecological processes to environmental changes and has received increasing attention in climate change, which leads to the development of various phenology monitoring techniques and methods of extracting the phenological index. Based on relevant literatures, the monitoring techniques of vegetation phenology were reviewed. Second, the methods of extracting phenological index using different techniques were introduced systematically. Thirdly, the differences from multi-source data and from multi-methods were evaluated based on ground phenology record, flux observation and vegetation index. Although various methods have been adopted in current vegetation phenological studies, it should be aware of their appropriately spatiotemporal scales for different methods, and the mutual complementation will help to improve the system for phenology monitoring. Meanwhile, the comparison indicated the obvious differences in derived vegetation phenological index using various observation techniques and extraction methods, especially for the autumn vegetation phenological index. Such results highlight the importance to assess reasonably these differences from multi-source data and from multi-methods, and to establish a rational processing system for the mutual comparison and conversion from different methods.