干旱区绿洲灌溉条件下生态服务价值研究——以新疆轮台县为例

基于RS、GIS、景观生态学等方法,以新疆典型干旱区轮台县为研究区,利用1997年、2007年、2017年三期遥感影像解译结果,定量分析轮台县20年间土地利用景观格局变化特征,并运用生态系统服务价值（ESV）估算原理,定量分析轮台县生态服务功能ESV的年际变化,探讨ESV在景观格局演变下的损益和响应,来反映生态输水对塔河沿岸生态的影响。结果表明：轮台县以未利用地大幅度减少,林地与草地的大量增加为主,同时耕地、水域、建设用地以及冰川的面积也有不同程度的增加,但相对于整个县域面积依然相对较小;各斑块类型景观格局指数和整体景观格局指数以及空间格局都发生了不同程度的变化,未利用地对景观整体的控制性减弱,土地利用均匀性和多样性增加,最大斑块指数变化显著,散布并列指数先略有下降后明显增加;轮台县20年间各项生态系统服务功能的ESV均呈显著增加的趋势,ESV总量不断增大;轮台县ESV的增益集中在林地的增加上,占总增益的65.9%,轮台县ESV的损益集中在建设用地和未利用地的转入上,说明林地的增加和未利用地的减少是轮台县ESV增加的主要原因。该研究体现典型水源灌溉对轮台县生态的影响,为干旱区生态系统改善和土地利用规划提供依据。     

Hurricane damage along natural and hardened estuarine shorelines: Using homeowner experiences to promote nature-based coastal protection

Growing coastal populations, rising sea levels, and likely increases in the frequency of major storm events will intensify coastal vulnerability in coming decades. Decisions regarding how and when to fortify estuarine shorelines against coastal hazards, such as erosion, flooding, and attendant property damages, rest largely in the hands of waterfront-property owners. Traditionally, hard engineered structures (e.g. bulkheads, revetments, seawalls) have been used to protect coastal properties, based on the assumption that these structures are durable and effective at preventing erosion. This study evaluates the validity of these assumptions by merging results from 689 surveys of waterfront-property owners in NC with empirical shoreline damage data collected along estuarine shorelines after Hurricanes Irene (2011) and Arthur (2014). The data show: 1) homeowners perceive bulkheads to be the most durable and effective at preventing erosion, but also the most costly; 2) compared to residents with revetments and natural shorelines, property owners with bulkheads reported double the price to repair hurricane damage to their property and four times the cost for annual shoreline maintenance; 3) 93% of evident post-hurricane shoreline damage was attributable to bulkheads or bulkhead hybrids and a higher proportion of surveyed homeowners with bulkheads reported having property damage from hurricanes; and, 4) shoreline hardening increased by 3.5% from 2011 to 2016 along 39 km of the Outer Banks. These results suggest that bulkheads are not meeting waterfront property-owner expectations despite continued use, and that nature-based coastal protection schemes may be able to more effectively align with homeowner needs.     

韩国京畿湾示范工程海洋空间规划的经验与启示

文章在介绍韩国海洋空间规划的发展沿革和编制流程的基础上,以京畿湾示范工程为例,研究海洋空间规划的编制方法,重点包括建立海洋空间调查和信息体系、开发并应用基于海洋生态系统的管理方法、设定示范海域的核心价值和目标以及促进利害关系人的参与等方面,为完善我国海洋功能区划制度提供借鉴和参考。     

日照市海岸带保护与利用初探

在生态文明建设背景下,如何构建人-海和谐的海岸带空间发展格局,是海岸带开发利用过程中亟须探索的问题。文章通过SWOT分析方法对日照市海岸带的优势与劣势、机遇与威胁进行了详细分析,并据此提出了差别化管制的海岸线分类、海岸带功能分区利用和陆海统筹的空间管控策略,同时强调了海岸带综合管理体系建设的重要意义,为协调日照海岸带资源开发利用与生态建设的关系,合理布局海洋产业带来思考。     

A Research Approach for Ecological,Environmental and Geological Differentiation of Rocky Desertification and Its Driving Mechanism in Karst Graben Basin

According to the national key research and development program of China “Evolution, integrating treatment and technological demonstration of rocky desertification in karst graben basin”, the task of “ecological, environmental and geological differentiation of rocky desertification and its driving mechanism in karst graben basin” was to reveal the migration of carbon, nitrogen, calcium and water, as well as evolution process and driving mechanism of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. In this respect, the factors of lithology, topography, ecology, hydrology, vegetation, socio-economy, meteorology, soil, etc. were studied in the demonstration areas of Mengzi and Luxi rocky desertification control. Moreover, the interaction between vegetation and hydrological processes in the typical watershed was established, and the critical period and water requirement of the ecological water demand in the watershed were established. The ecological and hydrological process of the vegetation, as well as nitrogen, calcium and water cycling, and the carbon sequestration ability of ecosystems were used to predict the evolution of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. The results provided the theoretical basis for the rational allocation of ecological water resources and ecological restoration in rocky desertification area.     

基于大数据发现技术的国外地质信息服务跟踪

近年来,大数据越来越受到计算机、地质、生物、医学等诸多领域的关注且得到了广泛的应用。以世界主要发达国家地质信息服务跟踪为例,针对美、加、英、澳4国的主要地质调查网站及中国知网,运用地质大数据发现技术的网络爬虫方法,获取需求文本数据,进而分析文本内容,总结国外地质信息社会化服务现状。大数据发现技术在地质领域的合理运用,对快速、高效获取图片、文档等数据及降低信息获取成本具有一定的意义。     

新疆农业景观格局演变对其生态系统服务价值的影响

结合遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学和空间分析等理论,分析了新疆地区2000~2015年农业景观格局的时空动态变化特征,测算了农业生态系统服务价值,通过相关分析进一步研究了农业景观格局与生态系统服务价值的关联,为促进区域土地资源合理利用和生态农业发展提供科学依据。结果表明,新疆农业生态系统正朝着多样化、稳定化的方向发展;农业生态系统服务价值显著增长,但区域间的价值差异较大,呈现北疆高南疆低的分布格局;景观面积、斑块数和景观形状对新疆地区农业生态系统服务价值影响较大且均呈现明显正相关关系。     

新型基础测绘刍议

新型基础测绘是传统基础测绘的继承和发展。目前,测绘地理信息业内对新型基础测绘的内涵尚未形成统一的认识。本文分析了基础测绘的特性、面临的形势及其发展方向,提出了新型基础测绘发展的若干建议。     

基于中间件的瓦片地图服务设计与实现

为了对WebGIS遗留系统进行平滑升级,提高传统WebGIS服务器的响应速度和改善用户体验,设计并实现了一个瓦片地图服务中间件(Tile Map Service,TMS,又译为缓存服务)。通过分析其工作原理和体系结构,从瓦片空间索引、瓦片切图策略及系统部署等三个方面,给出了优化对策,并与传统WMS进行了性能对比。实验测试数据采用世界地图的第8缩放级别,在该缩放级别下地图瓦片总数为32768个,随机生成21000个包含3×3个瓦片的地图请求窗口,将随机生成的测试数据分成20组,每组依次包含100-2000个请求窗口。实验分别采用WMS请求和TMS请求两种请求方式,其中,WMS请求直接向GeoServer发送WMS数据请求,TMS请求采用多线程同时向瓦片地图服务中间件发送9个WMS瓦片请求。实验结果表明,该瓦片地图服务中间件比WMS的平均响应时间减少约46%,并具有很高的瓦片动态切图效率,对提高传统WebGIS的响应速度和平滑升级现有遗留系统具有重要的应用价值。     

地球系统科学数据共享研究与实践

分布式、异构科学数据的整合集成与"一站式"共享服务是科学数据共享的关键和难点。首先,提出"创建地球系统科学数据共享联盟,共建、共享"的分散数据资源整合理念和按"总中心-分中心-数据资源点"三个层次的整合架构,然后,在组织模式上保障分布式数据资源的有效整合。即通过"元数据集中管理,数据体分散存储"的策略,从技术上保障分布式数据资源的快速整合。针对地球系统科学不同学科数据资源的特性,设计了地球系统科学数据核心元数据标准及扩展方案,利用MVC(元数据标准模型-显示视图-操作函数)模式实现多标准地学元数据的统一管理和自适应显示。最终,研究面向SOA的分布式地球系统科学数据共享平台,通过"一个总中心,认证中心和若干个分中心",形成物理上分布、逻辑上统一的分布式服务网络,从而为用户提供"一站式"的数据共享服务。