关于沙尘暴及生态治理的思考

陈述了沙尘暴的概念、形成条件及当前国内外对沙尘暴的新认识，指出土地荒漠化是我国沙尘暴形成的重要原因，并提出治理沙尘暴的设想。     

Die EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie: Ausweisung und Bewertung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer

Designation and Assessment of Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies under the EC Water Framework Directive The EC Water Framework Directive allows the Member States to designate artificial and heavily modified water bodies under specific conditions. For those water bodies the ecological assessment and the resulting programmes of measures will be based on the “maximum ecological potential” as reference conditions and not on the “high ecological status”, which has to be used for natural water bodies. Such designation is possible only, if the hydromorphology of the water bodies concerned has been substantially changed in character to maintain specified uses. The criteria for the designation are fulfilled, if restoration measures needed to meet the high ecological status would have significant adverse effects on the uses and if no other better environmental options would exist to maintain the specified uses. In late 1999 the EC‐Working Group on Heavily Modified Water Bodies (HMWB) has been established to develop criteria for the designation of artificial and heavily modified water bodies as well as for the determination of the maximum ecological potential. The working group has produced the guidance document “Identification and Designation of Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies” in November 2002, which has been agreed by the European Water Directors on 21 November 2002 in Copenhagen. The guidance document is focusing on two time borders, the provisional identification of heavily modified water bodies until 2004 and the legally binding designation as artificial and heavily modified in the first river basin management plan in 2009 at the latest. The guidance document considered the main findings of 34 case studies for rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters carried out in 11 European countries. The results of the case studies as well as a summarizing synthesis were used as a fundamental basis to produce the guidance document. The practical examples given by the case studies were compiled as a toolbox which supplements the guidance for the purpose of its better application.     

生态红线划定的技术方法研究——以鄂州市为例

在分析鄂州市生态环境矛盾和生态服务需求的基础上,根据生态红线原理和目标,提出较为完整的生态红线划定方法,保障生态系统完整性及连续性,维护区域生态系统安全。从生态环境敏感性评价、生态服务功能重要性评价、生态灾害危险评价等3方面构建生态适宜性评价体系,展开生态适宜性分析。在GIS与RS支持下,创建了鄂州市网格空间属性数据库,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,运用叠加分析、空间分析等技术方法最终完成生态适宜性评价,将鄂州市划分为红线、黄线、蓝线、绿线等4个区域,同时,叠加整合已有的重要生态功能区,并将红线区划分为一级管控区和二级管控区,明确重点保护方向,确定生态红线管控体系。     

太湖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)养殖模式优化及其生态环境效应研究

于2003年3—10月,通过在太湖中设置15个封闭性实验围隔,构建出5种生态型中华绒螯蟹养殖模式,即放养中华绒螯蟹(规格6·25±0·36g/ind) 螺蛳 水草分别为:3000ind/ha 0kg/ha 3000kg/ha(Ⅰ)、3000ind/ha 2250kg/ha 3000kg/ha(Ⅱ)、4500ind/ha 2250kg/ha 6000kg/ha(Ⅲ)、4500ind/ha 3375kg/ha 6000kg/ha(Ⅳ)、6750ind/ha 3375kg/ha 6000kg/ha(Ⅴ),比较分析其养殖效果及其生态环境效应。结果表明,生物学效果综合指数依次为Ⅳ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ,其中Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅲ显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅰ(P<0·05)。各养殖模式的水温、pH值、CODCr含量和浮游动物多样性指数、底栖动物多样性指数与湖区无显著性差异(P>0·05),而各养殖模式的DO和Ⅲ、Ⅳ的SD、水色、电导率、TSS、N、P、浮游植物密度和浮游植物多样性指数等理化和生物环境指标均显著优于湖区(P<0·05);N、P平衡分析表明,在全部采收养殖体系内水草的情况下,各养殖模式均能从水体中净输出N、P,其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ的净输出效率最高。相关分析显示,养殖体系内的水质环境状况随着水草和螺蛳数量的增加而得到显著改善。因此,增栽水草、放养螺蛳、适中的中华绒螯蟹放养量和适宜的管理措施是维持中华绒螯蟹养殖生态系统环境效益和养殖效益良好的重要条件,有利于太湖渔业生产和环境保护的可持续发展。     

中国鲚属4种鱼的生化和形态比较及其系统发育的研究

自１９８９年４月－１９９０年５月，在上海的崇明、江苏的无锡和高淳、福建的海澄采集标本。对我国鲚属４种鱼（６个生态型）进行生化和形态解剖比较分析，探讨每种鱼生长在不同环境中各生态型的系统发育及亲缘关系；并运用系统分支学原理和方法，试绘出系统分支图解。结果表明，我国鲚属４种鱼分为两大姐妹群；一群为凤鲚和七丝鲚，另一群为刀鲚和短颌鲚；并综合分析生化和形态解剖资料，把生长在长江中的凤鲚和生长在九龙江中的凤     

海珍品综合增养殖中的种间关系和生态容纳量的研究

在长岛县砣矶岛进行海珍品综合增养殖技术研究时，对几种海珍品的种间关系和生态容纳量做了调查与试验。结果发现，大型海藻的着生量与以此为主要饵料的皱纹盘鲍、光棘球海胆等的密度大体平衡。只是海胆密度是鲍密度的10几倍。因此为了提高单位水体的经济效益，应抑制海胆密度的增长。若能使5米以浅水域的海胆密度减其半，则该水域里的鲍产量可以增加到5倍之多。利用筏式养殖扇贝所排放的贝粪、拟粪做为饵料来增殖剌参，可使刺参的资源量增加3倍，即由原来的132．8kg／亩，增至526．4kg／亩。为此在放流苗种的同时，应向泥砂及平板礁等底质投置增殖礁，为鲍和剌参提供更多的栖息场所。     

5种海鱼的生态生长效率研究

在常温下进行星鳗、蛹、黑鳗、厚头平Ｙｏｕ和皱唇鲨等五种鱼类的生长实验，得出这５种鱼类摄食巢沙蚕、火枪乌贼、斑Ｊｉ（碎块）、带鱼（碎块）和玉筋鱼的生态生长效率波动于３．８￣３３．６％范围内，平均为１６．０％，相对平均日摄食量处于１．６￣１１．５％之间，另外，对饵料系数、平均日摄食量及平均体重日增长量进行了探讨。     

海水入侵问题理论与实践

本文综述了海水入侵的机理，入侵引起的生态变化及模型化、计算方法的研究现状、已发生入侵区的治理措施，指出了目前研究中存在的问题并探讨了今后的研究方向。     

Proposing a coordinated environmental effects monitoring (EEM) program structure for the offshore petroleum industry,Nova Scotia,Canada

Environmental effects monitoring (EEM) identifies, quantifies, and compares predicted environmental impacts of a proposed industrial project to those observed after the project has been developed. Several EEM program structures exist, while the structure used by Environment Canada to monitor impacts of the pulp and paper industry has proven to be effective. The aim of this study is to provoke discussion on the development of an effective and coordinated petroleum EEM program structure for the offshore of Nova Scotia, Canada. A structure that supports development of a national EEM program for the petroleum industry is then proposed. Advantages of a coordinated EEM program structure include: (1) reduced cost of the EEM; (2) fewer gaps and less overlapping of responsibilities; (3) fewer calculated risks to the marine environment; and (4) improved environmental safeguards.