基于TM数据的广州市番禺区土地覆被格局分析

以覆盖番禺区1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年4个时相Landsat-TM影像为主要数据源,借助GIS手段和景观生态学方法生成土地覆被图。在数量化研究LUCC的基础上,借助景观格局指数反映番禺区4个时相土地覆被的变化机制,对土地覆被景观格局生态效应研究提供依据。研究表明:番禺区的土地利用结构在1990~1995年间处于开发调整时期,2000年后土地利用结构调整趋于成熟,土地覆被变化伴随着城市化的进程趋于平缓。研究时期内,番禺区的景观破碎度增加,土地利用结构的复杂程度也在增加,人为因素导致的土地覆被类型变化的影响逐渐替代自然作用下土地覆被类型情况。     

基于变化轨迹探测的植被景观格局动态分析——以塔里木河下游生态输水区域为例

 在遥感与GIS技术支持下,以2006、2007、2009、2010年Landsat-5/TM影像与2008年的CBERS/CCD影像为主要数据源,获得5 a的植被/非植被类型图。在此基础上,提取并归纳5 a间的植被变化轨迹:恒定植被、恒定非植被、转变为植被、转变为非植被、非稳定变化。利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS 3.3计算了变化轨迹景观格局的3种景观指标。结果表明,2006—2010年植被面积减小,主要因为生态输水量减小、输水间隔较大,导致草本植被、乔灌木幼苗死亡;恒定非植被的比重最大,表明非植被类型是研究区的基质,其次是转变为非植被的比重,说明5 a间植被的衰退程度要强于恢复程度;转变为植被与非稳定变化两种类型属于过渡性植被变化类型,受生态输水量、分布的制约严重;各种变化轨迹类型的形状规则较为稳定,其中以恒定非植被类型最稳定而非稳定变化类型最不稳定。     

墨西哥亡灵节的地理与空间意涵

节庆是民俗生活的一部分,但有别于日常生活,它透过空间的样貌转换,改变了日常生活空间,形成暂时性的景观,切换人们对日常生活空间的想象,进而形塑地方的特性。节庆形成的景观,是一种空间生产的过程与短暂结果,可以将其做为解读节庆背后意涵的文本。亡灵节是墨西哥最具代表性的民俗节庆之一,本文透过民俗文化区域、文化扩散及文化整合等3个民俗地理概念,以及列斐伏尔所提出空间的实践、空间的再现、再现的空间等空间的生产3个面向,探讨其在地理与空间上的意涵。     

丹霞地貌危岩景观分类及可持续开发对策——以龙虎山景区为例

从可持续开发的角度,根据稳定程度将丹霞地貌景观分为危岩景观和稳定景观,并依据规模大小、外观形态、失稳模式、旅游价值和灾害性,将危岩景观进行了简要分类。在龙虎山丹霞地貌景观特征和旅游开发现状调查的基础上,对该区危岩景观的类型进行了划分,分析了危岩景观的开发现状、潜在威胁和保护对策。     

基于逆向加权Voronoi图的面状地理景观特征化研究

基于逆向加权Voronoi图的方法,采用角度、线宽、线长和方向四参数对面状地理景观进行特征化研究。实例表明,该方法既具备在保持曲线弯曲特征转折点精确性方面的优点,还在曲线化简时重点顾及了目标的形态维护,并在不损耗面状地理景观的方向、凹凸性及数量等关键信息的基础上,明显减少了数据存储量,还可实现面状目标的跨时段、跨地区比较,是一种记录、描述和可视化比较研究面状地理景观时空演化特征的有效方法,可实现特征信息保留与结果简化间的平衡。     

石家庄市绿地系统景观结构与空间布局模式

以石家庄市绿地系统资料为基础,应用景观斑块谱方法,分析绿地系统景观结构特征,提出一个合理的空间模式。石家庄市各种绿地类型和各等级绿地斑块中均以附属绿地斑块占优势,绿地系统可概括为"一带两环四楔多点"的复合型空间布局模式;进一步的调整包括:增加大中型生产绿地、防护绿地和公园绿地,适当将有条件的中小型绿地斑块连片,通过扩大公园绿地、防护绿地和附属绿地促进楔形绿地发育,在居住区、单位和道路附近增加中型公园绿地和小型街旁绿地。通过空间布局模式调整,可将石家庄市各类绿地斑块连接成网,组成功能完善、类型多样的生态绿地系统。     

1999～2007年天津湿地景观格局及水鸟生境变化

天津市湿地是亚洲东部候鸟南北迁徙的重要驿站,有大量属国家一、二级保护的鸟类。近几十年来,受人类活动和自然因素变化影响,天津市湿地景观结构发生巨大变化,对湿地鸟类栖息地环境和鸟类迁徙、繁殖产生了不利影响。在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,以天津市1999年、2003年和2007年3期TM影像为数据源,采用目视解译分类方法,并结合其他非遥感以及高清晰影像作为辅助资料,获得了天津市湿地基本信息;在此基础上,将天津市湿地分成2大类12小类;利用ArcMap软件,分析了3个时期湿地面积的变化;利用Frag-stats3.0软件和Excel软件,得到天津市湿地景观格局的动态变化。研究结果表明,天津市湿地总面积从1999年的312088.73hm2增加到2007年的328133.61hm2,面积增加了4.89%;湿地面积增加的主要原因是人工湿地盐田面积大幅增加,人工湿地8年间共增加了24043hm2,其中,盐田面积增加了25699.57hm2,但天然湿地面积减少了7.38%。天津市湿地景观的破碎化程度在一直加剧,斑块类型更加多样化,湿地景观中没有明显的优势类型,且各斑块类型在景观中均匀分布。湿地类型转化的基本规律表现为天然湿地向人工湿地、人工湿地向农林用地、农用地向建设用地转换,人类的开发活动已经转向一些人为干扰较少的潮间带、滩涂区以及河流河口水域、浅海水域、湖泊和沼泽等地区。将各种驱动因素加以组合,归纳为2大类和20个变量指标,建立湿地景观变化驱动因素指标体系。分析表明,人口和经济因素对湿地景观格局变化有显著影响。随着经济发展水平的提高,天津市产业结构并未得到改善,尤其是第二产业仍然占较大比重;城市人口急剧增长,快速城市化导致的城市实体扩张占用大量农田和湿地;在农业因子中,粮食产量的提高与通过占用湿地来扩大种植面积有直接关系。1999～2007年间,天津湿地水鸟生境发生了明显变化,深积水区面积和斑块数量逐年增加;无隐蔽物的湿地面积和人工建筑物的面积大幅增加,重干扰区的面积增加;水鸟的水生动物性食物增多,谷物草籽等植物性食物减少。人类活动已对天津湿地水鸟生存环境构成严重威胁。总体上,天津湿地水鸟生境质量在下降。     

The silent articulation of private land rights in Soviet Estonia: A geographical perspective

With an explicit focus on the spatial articulation of landownership, this paper explores various ways in which pre-Soviet land rights were expressed in rural Estonia during the Soviet period (1940-1941, 1944-1991). Drawing on cartographical analyses and interviews made in the rural district of Muhu, the paper demonstrates that people who owned land before the Soviet occupation kept track of the officially annulled pre-Soviet land rights, by relating to inertial landscape elements as memory-aids. To local inhabitants the landscape, in which past and present structures always merge, provided substantial evidence in support of the idea of legal continuity of pre-Soviet land rights. Hence, the post-Soviet land restitution reform often implied a re-discovery or re-expression of property rights that had been silenced, but not lost.     

The impact of disposal and treatment of coal mining wastes on environment and farmland

In China, coal mining wastes have traditionally been dumped in cone-shaped heaps that have the potential to pollute air, soil and water environments and landscapes through dust generation, leachate production, self-ignition and as a consequence of an absence of vegetation cover. Since 1980s, the disposal technique for coal mining wastes has been changing and in many instances the wastes are now transported directly to subsided land as a fill to enable the reuse of that land. Thus, today, both coal mining waste dumps from the past and filled subsided lands are in existence. However, the comparative impacts of these different disposal techniques on the environment and farmland productivity have not been studied in detail. Using Dongtan (DT), Nantun (NT) and Xinglongzhuang (XLZ) coal mines as examples, the components of coal mining wastes and their potential pollution contribution to soil, surface water and ground water are tested in-situ. The results show that contaminants are released after self-ignition and weathering of coal mining wastes, but they are not above the allowable environmental standards. However, despite these findings, more and closer attention needs to be paid to the mobility, transportation and accumulation of these contaminants in the environment over time.     

A REVIEW OF THE PALEO­HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LAKE NAM CO|SOUTH­CENTRAL TIBET

Department of Earth Sciences,Freie Universität Berlin,Malteserstraße 74－100,12249 Berlin,Germany)
The endorheic Lake Nam Co,south Eastern Tibetan Plateau,was selected to investigate the interrelation between drainage basin processes,especially post­glacial glacier decay,and lake level fluctuations. Landforms of the drainage basin are highly influenced by tectonics,superimposed by fluvial and periglacial processes,and locally by glacial and eolian processes. Thus,geomorphological features and hydrological characteristics were compiled for the lake­basin to provide an overview of the landscape character. Data show that during the Last Glacial Maximum melt water from the mountains accumulated fluvial deposits in the foreland. Concurrently,an increase of the lake level occurred which is presently shown by a cliff line all around Nam Co with its base approximately 29m above the present lake level. The Holocene decrease of the lake level is traced by beach ridges. As Nam Co is an endorheic lake post­glacial water loss has to be primarily explained by evaporation and moisture conditions. However,more detailed conclusions on quantitative and chronological patterns of both factors,melt­water input and evaporation output,still remain to be drawn.