东天山岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的多期次岩浆侵位与成矿作用——以黄山铜镍矿床为例

位于黄山-镜儿泉镁铁-超镁铁岩带西段的黄山铜镍矿田（包括黄山、黄山东、香山、黄山南矿床）,是北疆最重要的镍矿产地。矿田内各岩体都是多期岩浆侵位形成的杂岩体,且黄山东和香山铜镍矿床存在多期成矿作用。本文选取黄山大型隐伏铜镍矿床进行详细解剖,在此基础上探讨东天山地区多期成岩成矿作用及其勘查意义。黄山矿山开采揭露最新地质现象系统观察,不同岩相中橄榄石、辉石（粒径、成分）的垂向和平面剖面变化表明黄山铜镍矿床由多期岩浆侵位形成,且第三期次为主要成矿期。第三期次岩相主要由角闪二辉橄辉岩、角闪方辉橄辉岩和角闪橄榄岩组成。角闪二辉橄辉岩底部的橄榄石核部和边部具有明显的成分差异,其橄榄石的边部相对于核部Fo值和Ni含量升高,由于橄榄石结晶过程中与晶间硫化物发生Fe-Ni的交换反应所致。第三期次的角闪方辉橄辉岩和角闪橄榄岩岩相中橄榄石的Fo值与角闪二辉橄辉岩中橄榄石Fo值相近,但Ni含量（500×10^-6~2050×10^-6）高于第二侵入期次角闪二辉橄辉岩中的Ni含量（160×10^-6~1000×10^-6）,橄榄石和硫化物熔体的Fe-Ni交换反应或者不同的母岩浆性质是橄榄石Ni含量不同的主要原因。黄山岩体的斜方辉石都为古铜辉石,第三期次岩体角闪方辉橄辉岩和角闪橄榄岩中含有粗粒的古铜辉石,其最大粒径（4~8mm）大于角闪二辉橄辉岩中古铜辉石（2~4mm）。单颗粒古铜辉石的Mg^#值、CaO及Cr₂O₃含量从核部到边部有多次重复变化,反映岩浆成分存在多次变化。第三期次单斜辉石包裹的橄榄石的边部比核部具有更高的Ni含量（Fo值相似）,结合Cu、Ni、Co等元素的垂直剖面变化,本文提出新鲜岩浆补给是黄山主矿体（30号矿体）硫化物富集的重要控制因素。多次岩浆的补给暗示黄山为岩浆通道成矿系统。岩体变宽、局部膨大及岩体产状改变部位是硫化物有利的聚集部位。东天山黄山-镜儿泉地区铜镍矿床勘查过程中往往以超基性岩相为主要评价对象,根据黄山矿田其他岩体的岩石组合与矿化岩相分析,本文认为该区铜镍矿勘查过程中也要重视基性岩相（辉长岩、苏长岩、橄榄辉长岩等）的成矿潜力,对多期次岩浆作用及相对应的成矿作用应给予重视。     

东昆仑香日德地区晚三叠世花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石成因和构造意义

东昆仑地区广泛分布了大量花岗岩.已有的研究工作表明,东昆仑地区的花岗岩主要形成于晚二叠世-中三叠世和晚三叠世两个时期.本文提供了香日德地区二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb定年数据和全岩化学,稀土微量元素及Sr、Nd同位素地球化学研究资料,结合前人对该区不同时期花岗岩的研究成果,对香日德晚三叠世花岗岩的成因及其形成的动力学背景进行了讨论.研究表明东昆仑东段香日德地区的二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩分别形成于223.2±1.7Ma和220.6±1.5Ma,属晚三叠世花岗岩浆作用的产物.根据该花岗岩的主量元素(特别是A/CNK比值),岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE:Rb、Th和K)和轻稀土(LREE),明显亏损高场强元素(HFSE:Nb、Ta、Ti和P),以及岩石具有相对高的I_sr值(0.70820~0.71148)和相对低的ε_Nd(t)值为-6.4~-3.6和较古老的模式年龄t_2DM(1.5~1.7Ga)等地球化学特征,论证了该花岗岩的成因,指出香日德花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩的起源和成因与碰撞后的背景下岩石圈的拆沉诱发的古老地壳物质的部分熔融作用有关,晚三叠世花岗岩岩浆作用是对自晚海西期以来幔源玄武质岩浆长期的底侵作用及地壳不断加厚的一种响应.它进一步证明在东昆仑地区,阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋的俯冲作用一直持续到早三叠纪,至晚三叠世才全面转入陆内碰撞造山阶段.晚三叠世花岗岩与晚二叠世-中三叠世花岗岩在暗色包体含量、岩浆混合作用的特征等方面的差异,可以用幔源物质贡献量的差异以及花岗质岩浆作用所经历的MASH过程的不同来解释.     

东天山花岗岩与造山带演化

文章通过建立花岗岩类类型与地球动力学之间的联系,试图利用分类清楚、测年准确的花岗岩解决本区地壳及造山带演化过程。根据K2O等地壳成熟度的指标,得出了该地区地壳性质由不成熟→半成熟岛弧→成熟陆壳演变;构造环境由不成熟岛弧→成熟的"大陆化"岛弧→大陆碰撞带演化。总结了东天山地区经历了三大地壳演化时期,分别为前寒武纪基底演化阶段陆核及超大陆形成期;古生代古亚洲洋形成演化期和中生代特提斯―印欧板块碰撞阶段板内演化期。反演出了东天山造山带经历了俯冲汇聚及不成熟陆壳形成阶段→弧―陆碰撞及半成熟陆壳形成阶段→碰撞造山及成熟陆壳形成阶段→陆内造山及陆壳改造阶段→中生代板内演化阶段。     

The New Progress in the Study of Mesozoic Rhyolite-Trachyte Assemblage and Hydrothermal-type Uranium Mineralization in Eastern China

The most intense area of Mesozoic volcanism and main region of hydrothermal-type uranium deposits is located in Eastern China. From the northern to the southern part, it can be divided into seven volcanic belts of Great Xing’an Range, Lesser Xing’an-Zhangguangcai Ranges, Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning, the Lower Yangtze Region, Ganhang areas, Wuyi Mountain areas,the Southeast Coastal areas, five uranium metallogenic belts of Guyuan-Hongshanzi, Qinglong-Xingcheng, Luzong-Qixia, Ganhang, Wuyi Mountain, and Three uranium metallogenic perspective belts of Manzhouli-Erguna, Zhalantun, Yichun. The volcanism of all these volcanic belts can be subdivided into six stages: The Early Jurassic to early Middle Jurassic, late Middle Jurassic to early Late Jurassic, early Early Cretaceous, middle Early Cretaceous, late Early Cretaceous and early Late Cretaceous. High-K calc-alkaline rhyolite-alkali trachyte rock assemblage of the early Early Cretaceous has a close connection with the explored uranium deposits. High-K calc-alkaline rhyolites have high content of uranium, and can provide the epithermal ore forming system with uranium; Alkali trachyte associated with mantle-derived magmatism can provide alkaline ore-forming fluid of rich uranium for deep temperature mineralizing system or act as pioneers of alkaline ore-forming fluid of rich uranium.     

C-A多重分形在东天山钼地球化学异常信息分析中的应用

利用C-A（含量-频数）多重分形技术和传统的异常下限统计方法分别对东天山地区钼地球化学数值的异常进行了试验分析。结果表明：利用C-A多重分形的非线性统计方法计算更为方便,确定的异常下限值更为合理;采用非线性统计方法确定的异常下限与东天山地区已知矿点的吻合度较高,说明利用分形方法可以客观反映区域地球化学异常特征;C-A多重分形方法计算方便,可为资源预测提供定量基础。     

Re–Os Geochronology on Molybdenites from the Donggebi Mo Deposit in the Eastern Tianshan of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt and its Geological Significance

The Donggebi Mo deposit is located in the eastern section of the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, Central Asia Orogenic Belt. Rhenium and osmium isotopes of molybdenites from the Donggebi porphyry Mo deposit have been used to determine the timing of mineralization and the source of osmium and, by inference, ore metals. Molybdenite was collected mainly from a granite porphyry stock, which is characterized by moderate to strong silicification. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite samples are between 10 and 63 μg g^?1. Analysis of eight molybdenite samples yields an isochron age of 234.3 ± 1.6 Ma (2σ) with an initial ¹⁸⁷Os of 0.04 ± 0.45 (MSWD = 0.25). The data support the hypothesis that a significant part of the metals and magmas have a mixed (crust + mantle) origin. Based on the geological history and spatial‐temporal distribution of the granitoids, it is proposed that the Mo deposits in the eastern part of the East Tianshan Orogenic Belt were related to a post‐collision extensional setting in the Early Mesozoic.     

Geochronology and isotope analysis of the Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic granitoids from northeastern Vietnam and implications for the evolution of the South China block

In northeastern Vietnam, Late Paleozoic and Permo-Triassic granitic plutons are widespread, but their tectonic significance is controversial. In order to understand the regional magmatism and crustal evolution processes of the South China block (SCB), this study reports integrated in situ U–Pb, Hf–O and Sr–Nd isotope analyses of granitic rocks from five plutons in northeastern Vietnam. Zircon SIMS U–Pb ages of six granitic samples cluster around in two groups 255–228 Ma and 90 Ma. Bulk-rock ε_Nd (t) ranges from −11 to −9.7, suggesting that continental crust materials were involved in their granitic genesis. In situ zircon Hf–O isotopic measurements for the granitic samples yield a mixing trend between the mantle- and supracrustal-derived melts. It is suggested that the granitic rocks were formed by re-melting of the continental crust. These new data are compared with the Paleozoic and Mesozoic granitic rocks of South China. We argue that northeastern Vietnam belongs to the South China block. Though still speculated, an ophiolitic suture between NE Vietnam and South China, so-called Babu ophiolite, appears unlikely. The Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic magmatism in the research area provides new insights for the magmatic evolution of the South China block.     

Geochronology,geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes of the Haisugou porphyry Mo deposit,northeast China,and their geological significance

The Haisugou Mo deposit is located in the northern part of the Xilamulun Mo–Cu metallogenic belt in northeastern China. The Mo mineralization mainly occurs as quartz-molybdenite veins within the Haisugou granite, which was emplaced into rocks of the Early Permian Qingfengshan Formation. Zircon U–Pb dating by LA–ICP-MS of the granite yields a crystallization age of 137.6 ± 0.9 Ma, suggesting emplacement during the peak time of Mo mineralization in eastern China, broadly constrained to ca. 150–130 Ma, when tectonic stresses shifted from compression to extension. Whole-rock geochemical data suggest that the granite belongs to the high-K calc-alkaline series, and is characterized by relatively high LREE; low HREE; depletion of Ti, Ba, and Nb; and a moderate negative Eu anomaly. The zircon ε_Hf(t) and whole-rock ε_Nd(t) values for the intrusion range from +4.5 to +10.0 and +0.2 to +1.6, respectively, indicating that the magma originated from the juvenile lower crust source derived from depleted mantle, with some component of ancient continental crust. The granite is also characterized by initial (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios ranging from 0.7040 to 0.7074, which suggest some contamination by the upper crust during the ascent of the primitive magma. Moreover, it can be recognized from the whole-rock major and trace element data that significant fractional crystallization occurred during magmatic evolution, with the separation of plagioclase and K-feldspar. Because Mo is an incompatible element and tends to concentrate in the melt during crystallization, fractionation processes likely played an important role in the formation of the Haisugou Mo deposit.     

Exhumation history and faulting activity of the southern segment of the Longmen Shan,eastern Tibet

The Longmen Shan (LMS), which constitutes the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau, is about 400 km in length and characterized by a steep topographic transition from the Sichuan Basin to the plateau. The 2008 M_w7.9 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 M_w6.6 Lushan earthquake were associated with the central to northern segments and southern segment of the LMS fault belt, respectively. In this paper, zircon and apatite fission track (ZFT and AFT, respectively) dating in combination with previously published low temperature thermochronology studies are used to constrain both the exhumation history and fault activity along the LMS, with a special focus on the southern segment. In the southern segment of the LMS, the ZFT ages in the hanging wall of the Wulong-Yanjing fault 10–14 Ma, increasing to ca. 30 Ma to the northwest of the faults and to 100–200 Ma in the plateau region. The AFT ages are 3–5 Ma at the mountain front and increase to 8–26 Ma in the plateau. We show that these age distributions are controlled by fault geometry. Two stages of rapid exhumation were identified using apatite fission track length modeling and the age distributions in the southern segment of the LMS. The first stage is from ca. 30 Ma and the second stage is from 3–5 Ma to present. In contrast with the middle segment of the LMS, the Cenozoic exhumation rate is higher in the southern segment of the LMS, which may be due to the influence of the collision between the India and Eurasia plates and/or different faulting mechanisms in the different segments.     

Chemical weathering processes in the Yalong River draining the eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

To better understand chemical weathering and controlling processes in the Yalong River of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, this study presents major ion concentrations and stable isotopes of the dissolved loads. The isotopic compositions (δ¹³C-DIC, δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O-SO₄) of the dissolved loads are very useful to quantify solute sources and define the carbon budget related with chemical weathering in riverine systems. The isotopic composition of sulphate demonstrates that most of the sulphate is derived from sulphide oxidation, particularly in the upper reach of the Yalong River. The correlations between δ¹³C-DIC, water chemistry and isotopes of sulphate, suggest that the carbon dynamics are mainly affected by carbonate weathering by sulphuric acid and equilibration processes. Approximately 13% of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the Yalong River originates from carbonate weathering by strong acid. The CO₂ consumption rates are estimated to be 2.8 × 10⁵ mol/km²/yr and 0.9 × 10⁵ mol/km²/yr via carbonate and silicate weathering in the Yalong River, respectively. In this study, the influence of sulphide oxidation and metamorphic CO₂ on the carbon budget is estimated for the Yalong River draining the eastern Tibetan Plateau.