东昆仑东段巴隆地区朝火鹿陶勒盖花岗闪长岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及其地质意义

东昆仑造山带晚古生代—早中生代由于布青山-阿尼玛卿洋的俯冲发育有大量岛弧型花岗岩类。选取东昆北巴隆地区朝火鹿陶勒盖花岗闪长岩体寄主岩和闪长质暗色微粒包体进行了岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究。结果表明,岩体寄主岩的结晶年龄为242.3±1.3Ma,暗色微粒包体结晶年龄为241.2±0.8Ma,显示其形成于中三叠世;寄主岩和暗色微粒包体A/CNK值介于0.86~1.06之间,为准铝质-弱过铝质;稀土元素总量分别为119×10~(-6)~170×10~(-6)、189×10~(-6),稀土元素配分模式显示右倾型,具有负Eu异常;岩石富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具有弧岩浆岩特征。野外及岩相学特征均显示包体为基性岩浆进入酸性岩浆快速冷凝形成的,为俯冲板片断离导致幔源岩浆上侵形成的岩浆混合作用的产物,是布青山-阿尼玛卿洋俯冲晚期的岩浆记录。     

Influence of prey abundance and abiotic factors on the long-term home-range and movement dynamics of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii in an intermittently open estuary

Long-term home-range and movement dynamics of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii and the distribution of their dominant prey, the sandprawn Callichirus kraussi, were investigated in the intermittently open East Kleinemonde Estuary, South Africa. In addition, the effects of fish length, diel cycle, season and other abiotic factors on home range and area use were examined. Nine adult spotted grunter (326–489?mm total length) were tagged with acoustic transmitters, and their movements were studied by manual tracking on six consecutive days and nights during each of five tracking sessions from March to November 2004. In addition, movement patterns were recorded by stationary data-logging receivers. Kernel home ranges (95% utilised distribution) varied in size (mean: 76 797?m²?, range: 26 296–165 321?m²), but were all located in the lower one-third of the 3.6 km-long estuary. There was no effect of season, the diel cycle or fish length on the home-range estimates. However, the distribution of prey corresponded with the home-range distribution of tagged fish. Although sandprawn distribution was highly variable within and among transects and depth classes, sandprawns were most abundant in the lower region of the estuary, which corresponded to the home-range distribution of spotted grunter. Spatial distribution of prey appears to be a dominant factor influencing home-range parameters of this species within an intermittently open estuary.     

Ore-forming Fluid and Mineral Source of the Hongshi Copper Deposit in the Kalatage Area, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China

The Hongshi copper deposit is located in the middle of the Kalatage ore district in the northern segment of the Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt in East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China. This study analyses the fluid inclusions and H, O, and S stable isotopic compositions of the deposit. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that aqueous fluid inclusions were trapped in chalcopyrite-bearing quartz veins in the gangue minerals. The homogenization temperatures range from 108°C to 299°C, and the salinities range from 0.5% to 11.8%, indicating medium to low temperatures and salinities. The trapping pressures range from 34.5 MPa to 56.8 MPa. The δ18OH2O values and δD values of the fluid range from ?6.94‰ to ?5.33‰ and from ?95.31‰ to ?48.20‰, respectively. The H and O isotopic data indicate that the ore-forming fluid derived from a mix of magmatic water and meteoric water and that meteoric water played a significant role. The S isotopic composition of pyrite ranges from 1.9‰ to 5.2‰, with an average value of 3.1‰, and the S isotopic composition of chalcopyrite ranges from ?0.9‰ to 4‰, with an average value of 1.36‰, implying that the S in the ore-forming materials was derived from the mantle. The introduction of meteoric water decreased the temperature, volatile content, and pressure, resulting in immiscibility. These factors may have been the major causes of the mineralization of the Hongshi copper deposit. Based on all the geologic and fluid characteristics, we conclude that the Hongshi copper deposit is an epithermal deposit.     

Spatial and temporal geochemical variability in lacustrine sedimentation in the East African Rift System: Evidence from the Kenya Rift and regional analyses

Many previous studies on lacustrine basins in the East African Rift System have directed their attention to climatic controls on contemporary sedimentation or climate change as part of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. In contrast, this research focuses on the impact of tectonism and volcanism on rift deposition and develops models that help to explain their roles and relative importance. The study focuses on the spatial and temporal variability in bulk sediment geochemistry from a diverse range of modern and ancient rift sediments through an analysis of 519 samples and 50 major and trace elements. The basins examined variously include, or have contained, wetlands and/or shallow to deep, fresh to hypersaline lakes. Substantial spatial variability is documented for Holocene to modern deposits in lakes Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Magadi and Malawi. Mio‐Pleistocene sediments in the Central Kenya Rift and Quaternary deposits of the southern Kenya Rift illustrate temporal variability. Tectonic and volcanic controls on geochemical variability are explained in terms of: (i) primary controlling factors (faulting, subsidence, uplift, volcanism, magma evolution and antecedent lithologies and landscapes); (ii) secondary controls (bedrock types, rift shoulder and axis elevations, accommodation space, meteoric and hydrothermal fluids and mantle CO ₂); and (iii) response factors (catchment area size, orographic rains, rain shadows, vegetation densities, erosion and weathering rates, and spring/runoff ratios). The models developed have, in turn, important implications for palaeoenvironmental interpretation in other depositional basins.     

黔东松桃地区燕山期构造特征研究——以高地超大型锰矿床为例

黔东松桃地区构造格局主要是受到燕山运动影响形成。燕山早期,区内处于SEE—NWW向区域挤压收缩,形成了NNE—SSW向褶皱和断裂。下寒武统杷榔组—变马冲组地层和南华系下统大塘坡组地层作为两套滑脱层,在构造变形过程中起到滑脱作用,滑脱层内褶皱变形强烈,以大量紧闭、顶厚不协调褶皱为主要构造样式,而其上、下岩层则以断块或宽缓褶皱变形为主,以软弱层为界面,其上、下岩层发生逆冲滑脱作用,形成了区内隔槽式褶皱的构造样式。燕山晚期,区内处于NNE—SSW挤压为主,形成了区内NWW向小型褶皱和断裂,同时燕山晚期构造横跨叠加在早期变形之上,导致早期NNE向褶皱枢纽呈波状起伏,轴迹弯曲,部分地区形成了构造穹窿和构造盆地,部分早期断层呈左行走滑性质。在燕山早、晚两期构造作用下,高地矿区含锰岩系作为软弱滑脱层,向猴子坳向斜的核部进行滑脱聚集,使其在向斜的核部富集,翼部相对减薄。同时,由于犁式正断层的存在,也影响了锰矿层的保存与破坏。     

东昆仑志留纪辉长岩地球化学特征及与铜镍成矿关系探讨

东昆仑造山带新发现的夏日哈木超大型岩浆铜镍矿床、石头坑德大型岩浆铜镍矿床及冰沟南小型岩浆铜镍矿床,其矿体均赋存于橄榄辉石岩内,而辉长岩又是该含矿橄榄辉石岩的直接围岩,并且辉长岩的形成时代相近(夏日哈木辉长岩431Ma、石头坑德辉长岩425Ma、冰沟南辉长岩427Ma),产出位置属于同一大的构造单元,均邻近昆北及昆中断裂。通过对辉长岩的地球化学特征研究,发现明显富集轻稀土元素和明显的Nb-Ta负异常,亏损高场强元素。Sr-Nd同位素研究,表明东昆仑夏日哈木和石头坑德辉长岩岩体的母岩浆来自一个曾经被交代富集的地幔源区,可能揭示了由于从洋壳释放出的流体交代地幔楔的岩石成因。结合区域构造演化和辉长岩形成时代,认为东昆仑夏日哈木和石头坑德辉长岩形成于碰撞后伸展环境。辉长岩岩浆源区性质与赋矿辉石岩存在明显不同,并非同一岩浆活动的产物。辉长岩在东昆仑造山带地区直接充当了含矿辉石岩的直接围岩,与岩浆铜镍硫化物矿体的形成没有关系,富含橄榄石的超镁铁质岩石更有利于形成具有较大经济价值的铜镍矿体。这为指导东昆仑找矿实践和岩浆铜镍矿床成矿理论研究提供了基础。     

东天山黄山南镁铁-超镁铁岩体的岩浆演化过程:矿物学、Sr-Nd同位素特征的指示

黄山南镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东天山造山带觉罗塔格构造带内,属于土墩-黄山-图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质岩带。本文在前人研究的基础上,从橄榄石、辉石矿物学组成和全岩Sr、Nd同位素等方面对黄山南岩体进行了分析研究,并与黄山、黄山东、香山等典型含矿岩体作了对比,旨在进一步查明黄山南岩体的岩浆源区和母岩浆性质及其岩浆演化过程。Sr-Nd同位素特征表明黄山南岩体来自一个弱亏损的地幔源区,相较黄山、黄山东、香山等岩体的源区具有更加富集的特征。黄山南岩体中的橄榄石属于贵橄榄石,斜方辉石主要为古铜辉石,少数为紫苏辉石,单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石、普通辉石和少数的透辉石。单斜辉石和橄榄石的成分特征表明形成黄山南岩体的母岩浆为演化程度较低的拉斑玄武质岩浆,且母岩浆成分具有高Mg、高Ni的特点。计算得到黄山南岩体母岩浆的Fe O~T=13.20%、MgO=16.96%、Ni=377.2×10~(-6),且母岩浆在结晶分异过程中没有经历充分的硫化物熔离作用,这也是造成母岩浆中Ni含量较高以及岩体含矿性较差的主要因素。     

新疆奇台县黄羊山石墨矿床特征、物质来源及成因

黄羊山石墨矿床位于新疆东准噶尔造山带南部的卡拉麦里地区东南段,是近年来新发现的国内外首个产于花岗岩体中的超大型石墨矿床。成矿地质条件、矿床地质特征研究表明,该矿床与黄羊山碱性花岗岩体具有密切的时空及成因联系,矿石具独特的球状构造,球体中石墨与长英质矿物及磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿等金属硫化物密切共生。为确定黄羊山石墨矿床的成因和成矿物质来源,本文开展了球状矿石中的石墨拉曼光谱分析和C同位素测试,对与石墨密切共生的金属硫化物开展S-Pb同位素分析。结果表明,黄羊山矿床球状矿石不同部位石墨的拉曼谱峰相似,显示具有很高的结晶程度,估算结晶温度为750～800℃;7件石墨样品的δ~(13)C值在-19.27‰～-19.90‰,分布非常集中,介于岩浆碳值和有机碳值之间,表明具有两者的混合来源。4件磁黄铁矿样品的δ~(34)S值集中在-2.3‰～-2.9‰之间,接近原始地幔值;在Pb同位素构造环境判别图解上,Pb同位素比值(~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb=18.114～19.040,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.448 ～ 15.543,~(208) Pb/~(204)Pb=38.253～38.915)显示较好的线性关系,延伸方向与地幔演化曲线的延伸方向基本一致;S-Pb同位素测试结果表明,与石墨共生金属硫化物具有幔源特征。综合黄羊山矿床成矿地质条件、成矿特征、石墨及共生硫化物的物质来源等研究结果,本文初步认为,黄羊山石墨矿床形成于碱性花岗岩的岩浆作用阶段,矿石中的金属硫化物来自岩浆混合作用中的幔源基性端元,碳质由于岩浆同化混染作用达到饱和,在硫化物的催化下沉积形成石墨。     

东昆仑地区驼路沟钴(金)矿床硅质钠长岩锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素特征研究

东昆仑驼路沟钴(金)矿床是青海省发现的首个独立大型喷流沉积型矿床,说明容矿围岩为一套海相火山-沉积岩系。本文在野外调查的基础上,对该矿区短沟矿段YM1坑口的硅质钠长岩进行岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb年代学及Hf同位素分析。结果表明,区内钠长岩的形成年龄为(457.3±4.6)Ma,佐证了该矿区喷流作用成岩与成矿的同时性;另外获得9.20~1.10 Ga和2.40~2.50 Ga的2个年龄集中区,说明了研究区基底演化和源区物质的复杂性。Hf同位素显示为两个集中区,其中年龄峰值422~459 Ma的锆石获得εHf(t)值为-0.61~12.72,表明锆石母岩主要为新生的地壳物质,指示硅质钠长岩的形成与海底火山喷发作用密切相关;另外0.85~1.10 Ga的锆石εHf(t)值为-15.09~-0.07,其锆石母岩中主要为再造的古老地壳,表明该区基底源区物质的复杂性。通过区域对比分析,认为驼路沟矿区含矿火山-沉积岩系形成时代与钠长岩年龄、成矿年龄非常接近,喷流沉积时代应为晚奥陶世。     

东昆仑山中段布尔汗布达山地区断裂特征及昆中断裂带南界讨论

布尔汗布达山西南缘属东昆仑造山带腹地,新太古代以来区域构造作用强烈。中二叠世,随着东昆仑地区多岛洋盆依次关闭,研究区形成数条近于平行的EW向深大断裂组合,构成昆中断裂带主体格架。通过研究分析与断裂相关的地形地貌、遥感影像、地球物理、岩石地层、变形变质、断裂结构组成、显微构造等,总结出主要断裂特征,并梳理了区内构造格架,针对尚未统一认识的昆中断裂带南界问题进行探讨,最终认为温冷恩断裂属昆中断裂带南界断裂。研究成果为进一步开展相关地质问题分析提供了依据。