Identification of water-bearing fractures in hard rock terrain by electrical conductivity logs, India

For the delineation of water-bearing fractures in hard rock areas, a new hydro-chemical technique has been developed which is based on electrical conductivity (EC) logs. The EC logs were carried out in experimental shallow bore wells (≈50 m) in three different parts of India. A sharp variation in EC was observed near water-bearing fractures in hard rock areas. To access applications of this technique, different locations in India were selected and experimental bore wells (≈50 m) were drilled. These were:

Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous bimodal volcanic rocks in the Fanchang Basin,SE China: an energy-constrained assimilation–fractional crystallization model

Volcanic rocks in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) constitute a bimodal magmatic suite, with a significant compositional gap (between 50% and 63% SiO₂) between the mafic and felsic members. The suite is characterized by a relatively wide spectrum of rock types, including basalts, trachytes, and rhyolites. The basaltic rocks have low-to-moderate SiO₂ contents of 46.00–50.01%, whereas the trachytes and rhyolites possess SiO₂ contents in the range of 63.08–77.61%. Rocks of the bimodal suite show moderate enrichment of LILEs, negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, and are significantly enriched in LREEs. The basalts were most likely generated by parental mafic magmas derived from enriched lithospheric mantle with minor assimilation of crustal materials involving coeval crystal fractionation during magma evolution. The results of energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization simulations demonstrate that the felsic magma was produced by the mixing of 5–20% lower crustal anatectic melts with an evolved mafic magma (～48% SiO₂) and accompanied by extensive clinopyroxene, plagioclase, biotite, and Fe–Ti oxide fractionation. Our model for the genesis of felsic rocks in bimodal suites is different from the traditional models of crustal melting and fractional crystallization or assimilation–fractional crystallization of basaltic liquids.     

Research Progresses and Prospect of Chimney Effect about Carbon Cycle in the Karst Cave System

There is a long history of several decades for the systemic study of global carbon cycles, and many important achievements have been obtained. However, these studies of carbon cycles in the karst area that accounts for about 10% of the entire Earth’s land area were paid attention gradually only in the past twenty. Recent researches suggest that karstification has important effects of the global carbon cycle. At present, scientists have had a very comprehensive and systemic understanding of various factors affecting the carbon cycle in the karst area, and estimated the carbon source or sink. However, unlike non karst area, there are generally many caves and fractures that have various sizes and morphologies in the karst area. These caves and fractures provide gas exchange between epikarst zone and atmosphere with a channel (as a window) in the karst area. There have been few reports about the role of the channel in the carbon cycle in the karst area. Previous studies have shown there is an obvious chimney effect in the karst cave system, which cannot be ignored. However, through the overview of the previous studies on carbon cycle of chimney effect in the karst cave system, we found that there were still many problems need to be further studied, such as the contribution of chimney effect to regional and global atmospheric CO₂; the regional differences, the seasonal changes and its reason (driving force) of chimney effect; the influences of chimney effect on the local ecosystem. With the development of modern science and technology (such as eddy covariance, large aperture scintillation and isotope), it becomes possible to solve the above problems. Therefore, it is necessary to use these advanced means for automatic and continuous monitoring and researching the carbon cycles in the karst cave system, which are of important significance for the researches of carbon cycles in the karst area, even for the global carbon cycle studies.     

北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析

城市下垫面具有不同于其他下垫面的特殊复杂性,通量的源汇分布十分不均,导致直接测量以及定量的描述城市中水汽、二氧化碳等通量变得非常困难。涡动观测系统在城市通量观测中得到广泛应用,但由于涡动协方差观测系统传感器都架设在一定的高度上,其测量结果只反映特定点下垫面或某部分下垫面的物理过程,不能说明观测结果是否具有下垫面属性的代表性,无法反映观测通量的空间变异性。足迹函数(Footprint)的产生就是为了解决这一问题,其又称源权重函数,是描述近地面层表面源或汇的空间分布和仪器观测通量值之间关系的函数。本文采用北京325 m气象塔近1年7层涡动协方差观测数据、超声数据,分析了不同风向、不同稳定度、不同高度下足迹函数所表达的通量贡献区域范围的变化规律。结果表明,在大气稳定条件下时,通量贡献区范围的大小与主风向无显著差异,而不稳定条件下计算结果与主风向无关。在不同高度下所有稳定条件下通量贡献区范围要大于不稳定条件,中性条件则介于两者之间。8 m、16 m高度上的观测结果不能完全代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,47 m以上能够代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,280 m则已经包含了郊区和城区的权重平均。同一大气稳定度条件下,高度越高通量贡献区范围越大,90%通量贡献区范围与观测高度成线性关系,这种线性关系可以预测没有观测高度或者更高处的通量贡献区范围。     

Seasonal Stratification Characteristics of Vertical Profiles of Water Body in Lake Lugu

For the purpose of exploring seasonal stratification characteristics of water hydrochemistry, the seasonal dynamics and vertical thermal stratification of water temperature in Lake Lugu, the vertical profiles of water temperature (Temp), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) of Lake Lugu were monitored in January, April, July and October 2015, respectively. The results indicated that water body of Lake Lugu appeared thermal stratification in spring, summer and autumn, however, in winter, the water temperature in vertical direction was homogeneous. The thermocline was located between 10 and 25 m, nevertheless, it moved down to range from 20 to 30 m in autumn. In addition, water temperature in hypolimnion was maintained almost as a constant and consistent with annual temperature, indicating water body was stable all along. The results showed that the thermal stratification had some influences on vertical distributions of DO, EC, pH and Chl-a. The significant stratification of DO, EC and pH was found, especially in summer, DO and pH values in thermocline peaked due to greatly stable thermal stratification and temperature increase. In hypolimnion, DO concentration and pH value were very small. Moreover, Chl-a concentration was higher in the surface and lower in the bottom water, implying that human should be highly alter to prevent the emergence of a large area of algae in Lake Lugu. EC took on decreasing variation, besides, lower in the thermocline. While,Lugu Lake water salinity was lower and substantially constant (~ 0.10‰), without considering the effects of salinity, both in vertical sections and in epilimnion, thermocline and hypolimnion, there all existed a simple linear function of the relationship between EC andwater temperature, showing that Lugu Lake was affected by natural climate and keeps natural state.     

青藏高原雪冰中碳质气溶胶含量变化

文中采用供氧两步加热的方法对过滤到石英膜上的雪冰中碳质气溶胶含量进行分析,其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)分别在340和650℃的条件下进行热解、氧化分离,生成的CO2转化成CH4并由气相色谱仪氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测其含量。空白测试表明,该系统的OC本底值为(0·50±0·04)(1σ)μgC,EC为(0·38±0·04)(1σ)μgC。利用这套分析系统对青藏高原8条冰川的34个雪冰和降水样品中OC和EC的含量进行了测试。结果表明,在青藏高原雪冰中OC和EC含量自东向西、自北向南呈明显的下降趋势(西昆仑除外)。在高原东北部EC的质量分数相对较高,平均为79·2ng·g-1;在喜马拉雅西段EC的质量分数最低,平均为4·3ng·g-1。在冰川表面,雪的融化使雪冰中碳质气溶胶聚集,并导致其含量明显升高,该过程降低了雪表面的反照率,加速了冰川的消融。     

华北平原典型工业城市秋、冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征

济宁市是位于华北平原大气污染传输通道上的工业城市,为研究其秋、冬季细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的污染特征,在市区的3个站点进行了PM_2.5的同步滤膜采样。采样期为2018年10月15日至2019年1月31日,涵盖非采暖期和采暖期(自2019年11月15日始),共270个小流量滤膜样品。研究结果表明,济宁市秋、冬季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为(98.9±48.8)μg/m³,采暖期PM_2.5质量浓度(107.1±52.8)μg/m³显著高于非采暖期(77.4±27.8)μg/m³。PM_2.5的化学组成以二次无机气溶胶、有机碳和元素碳为主,占比分别为52.4%、10.9%和7.5%。S、Cl、K、Ca、Fe和Si元素平均质量浓度之和占元素总平均质量浓度的78.8%,是PM_2.5中的主要元素。采暖期PM_2.5的主要化学组分质量浓度显著高于非采暖期。二次有机碳是有机碳的重要来源,占比78...     

基于ECMWF细网格、GRAPES _MESO的短时强降水潜势预报和检验

摘要：利用2016-2018年6-8月ECMWF细网格、GRAPES _MESO、黑龙江省822个自动站资料研究黑龙江省6-8月短时强降水（一般短时强降水和极端短时强降水）的预报方法和各项影响因子指标与他们之间的融合。采用双线插值法或临近格点法、分位数法、配料法、排除法、多重分析法，形成以水汽、不稳定、抬升为框架的客观预报方法。研究发现，强降水的环境背景不仅受限于各物理因子阈值，也与他们之间融合密切相关。各因子间存在一定旬差异和日较差，夜间与水汽相关的各阈值明显大于白天，白天热力不稳定性高于夜间。6月中上旬与水汽含量相关的各因子阈值小于其他时段。从检验结果上看，由于强降水的突发性、局地形和研究方法以及模式本身的特性，预报的空报率非常大，漏报率较低，TS评分最低且随着分布密度的降低而降低。一般强降水检验中，两种模式点对点检验的TS评分为0.015左右，14km和40km点对面检验夜间TS评分约0.03和0.08。极端强降水检验中，两种模式点对点检验TS评分约0.004，14km和40km点对面检验准确率约分别为0.005和0.02。7月份由于强降水分布密度相对较大，检验效果也相对较好。一般性强降水EC细网格TS评分高于GRAPES_MESO，而极端强降水检验TS评分刚好相反。