敦煌春季沙尘天气过程中某些参量和影响因子的变化特征

利用中日合作"风送沙尘的形成、输送机制及其对气候与环境影响(ADEC)的研究"项目敦煌站的观测资料,分析了2001年和2002年春季沙尘天气过程中两个沙尘参量———沙尘浓度指数(DCI)和粒子数浓度(N(d))的变化以及摩擦速度(u )和风速(u)与地面风蚀起沙的关系。结果表明:可用DCI=0.2作为扬沙、浮尘等一般沙尘天气的临界值,DCI=0.4作为沙尘暴天气的临界值;沙地和农田上起沙的临界摩擦速度分别约为0.5m·s-1和0.3m·s-1,临界风速分别约为7m·s-1和3m·s-1。农田和沙地起沙临界摩擦速度的差异,导致绿洲站沙尘天气发生的频数比沙漠站大;与地面起沙量有关的总沙尘粒子数浓度N(d>0.5μm)近似与u2 成比例。     

尘卷风的形成、结构和卷起沙尘过程的数值研究

文中应用数值算法对尘卷风的发展过程进行了模拟计算与分析。通过模拟计算得到了尘卷风的内部详细结构和运动过程。研究表明尘卷风是由于地面局部增热不均匀而形成的一种特殊的旋转对流运动。在尘卷风形成的过程中 ,外围空气通过贴近地面的薄层被地面加热后流向中心部位 ,外围空气的旋转能量在中心部位得到加强形成尘卷风 ,其旋转能量是热泡原来具有的旋转能量的局部集中和一部分势能转化而形成的 ,其旋转方向是由热对流泡的初始旋转方向所决定。尘卷风是一种类兰金涡 ,旋转速度和压力的分布具有兰金组合涡的特点 ;在成熟阶段 ,尘卷风的详细结构可以粗略地分为 4个区域———地面附近的气流汇聚区域、柱状的涡核区域、旋风与地面作用形成的转角风区域以及涡核外部的外围气流区域。转角区域可以细分为两个子区域———外围的方位角风区域(在该区域 ,上升气流运动方向与轴线之间有一定的夹角 ,称为方位角 )和中心的下沉停滞气流区域。尘卷风中心的低压和急速的上升气流可使大量沙尘扬起 ,不同直径的沙尘颗粒在尘卷风的作用下运动轨迹不同 ,因此卷起不同大小沙尘的尘卷风的外形也是不同的。     

敦煌地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的观测研究

在沙尘源区进行长期监测是获取区域代表性沙尘气溶胶质量浓度特征的重要研究方法。敦煌位于甘肃省河西走廊的西端,是中国北方主要沙尘源区之一,利用大流量采样器和安德森采样器进行了长达30个月的试验观测研究,获得了该地区沙尘气溶胶的基本特征。其年变化特征与气象资料的年变化关系密切;针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件（背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴）下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径的分布特征也明显不同;并与2001年9月-2004年3月在腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区的一些观测结果进行了比较分析。     

内蒙古科尔沁沙地起沙近地层动力学阈值的试验研究

利用内蒙古科尔沁沙地沙尘暴探测与监测试验站2008年和2009年春季沙尘和近地层观测资料,研究了不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘浓度随摩擦速度的变化规律,对比分析了不同天气(晴天、扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴)入射短波辐射和净辐射的演变,并利用两层高度沙尘浓度差,区分局地起沙和非局地起沙,有效地避免了沙尘水平输送引起的起沙阈值的低估。结果表明,起沙前,摩擦速度和沙尘浓度数值都较低;临近起沙阶段,摩擦速度迅速增大而沙尘浓度基本保持不变;起沙时,摩擦速度数值较高,沙尘浓度迅速增大;沙尘天气减弱阶段,沙尘浓度随摩擦速度近似呈线性减小。科尔沁沙地春季临界起沙摩擦速度u*t和临界起沙风速ut分别为0.62m.s-1和9.5m.s-1,扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气的起沙阈值依次略有增加。与晴天天气相比,沙尘天气到达地面的短波辐射和净辐射明显减少。     

A high-resolution quartz OSL chronology of the Talede loess over the past ∼30 ka and its implications for dust accumulation in the Ili Basin,Central Asia

Similar to the loess deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), a reliable chronology plays also an important role in revisiting past climate and environment changes recorded by the loess in Central Asia. Previously, a few luminescence and ¹⁴C ages, mainly covering the last glacial, were obtained for several loess sections in Central Asia, which are often controversial. Until now, there is still a lack of reliable high-resolution chronologies covering the late Pleistocene, especially the Holocene. Here, the fine-grained (4–11 μm) quartz single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating protocol is used to establish a detailed chronology of the uppermost part (∼5 m) of Talede loess in the Ili Basin Central Asia. Conventional tests of the SAR protocol and the general luminescence characteristics indicate that this protocol is suitable for dating the Talede loess. Finally, 15 closely-spaced quartz OSL ages, ranging from 0.72 ± 0.05 to 28.9 ± 2.12 ka and with no reversals, were obtained. Consistent with previous studies in the Ili Basin, two of the three ¹⁴C ages show discrepancy when compared with quartz OSL ages for the Talede loess section. The constructed OSL chronology of the Talede loess reveals that the dust accumulation is rapid during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2, especially during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and is also continuous during the Holocene, with the dust accumulation rate exhibiting a relatively low level and an increasing trend. Comparison of the dust accumulation at Talede with that at other sites in the Ili Basin indicates that the rapid dust accumulation during the LGM is not universal, and the slow dust accumulation during the Holocene is probably true for the entire Ili Basin. Comparison of different grain sized quartz OSL ages from Central Asian loess show characteristics of both consistency and inconsistency, which needs to be further investigated.     

春季沙尘对关中地区PM2.5 浓度影响的多尺度模拟研究

“一带一路”建设让古代丝绸之路的起点——西安成为世界焦点，西安的空气质量也是政府和公众关注的焦点。以2017年5月我国北方的一次强沙尘过程为例，首次利用中国科学院大气物理研究所气溶胶和大气化学模式系统IAP-AACM（Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics）模拟关中地区细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的时空分布，并结合地面逐小时PM_2.5观测数据对沙尘气溶胶和PM_2.5模拟的关系进行深入探究。结果表明:加入沙尘组分对模拟关中地区PM_2.5时空变化特征作用显著，相关性可提升0.4～0.6，并且可以很好地再现强沙尘时段PM_2.5浓度骤增的过程；在强沙尘时段和一般时段，沙尘组分对PM_2.5的贡献分别为60%～80%和10%～30%；0.11°×0.11°高分辨率模拟有助于提升模式捕捉污染物时空变化的能力。     

地形影响沙尘传输的观测和模拟研究

文中基于观测资料和数值模拟方法,研究了东亚地形对中国沙尘传输的影响,结果表明:东亚地区沙尘天气多发区主要位于中国南疆盆地和内蒙古西部及蒙古南部.南疆盆地沙尘天气集中在盆地南缘;而蒙古、内蒙古西部沙尘天气主要出现在沙漠腹地.青藏高原东北侧到黄土高原中部是沙尘天气次多发区.蒙古、内蒙古西部沙漠腹地多发区的形成不仅由于这里提供了丰富的沙源,同时也具备了沙尘暴迅速增强的条件:阿尔泰-萨彦岭南侧的峡谷地形强迫形成峡谷急流,明显增强了该区域地面风速;萨彦龄山地南坡携带大量沙尘的向南下坡气流遇到东-西向的峡谷气流时受到阻挡形成聚集;同时,这一地区起伏的地表产生的地形波加强了地面起沙.这种大量沙尘在大气中聚集之后再进行传输的特征可以视为在大气中形成了沙尘"中继站".导致沙尘进一步向东输送的地形因素是阿尔泰-萨彦岭山地南侧的峡谷地形,而萨彦岭山地南坡的下坡气流和青藏高原东北侧的地形强迫绕流是导致沙尘向南输送的原因.由于青藏高原地形绕流的强大以及冷锋过程的相对频繁使得沙尘的向南输送更为强盛,这也是青藏高原东北侧沙尘天气多发区的形成原因.     

The dust trail of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko between 2004 and 2006

We report on observations of the dust trail of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (CG) in visible light with the Wide Field Imager at the ESO/MPG 2.2 m telescope at 4.7 AU before aphelion, and at with the MIPS instrument on board the Spitzer Space Telescope at 5.7 AU both before and after aphelion. The comet did not appear to be active during our observations. Our images probe large dust grains emitted from the comet that have a radiation pressure parameter β<0.01. We compare our observations with simulated images generated with a dynamical model of the cometary dust environment and constrain the emission speeds, size distribution, production rate and geometric albedo of the dust. We achieve the best fit to our data with a differential size distribution exponent of −4.1, and emission speeds for a β=0.01 particle of 25 m/s at perihelion and 2 m/s at 3 AU. The dust production rate in our model is on the order of 1000 kg/s at perihelion and 1 kg/s at 3 AU, and we require a dust geometric albedo between 0.022 and 0.044. The production rates of large (>) particles required to reproduce the brightness of the trail are sufficient to also account for the coma brightness observed while the comet was inside 3 AU, and we infer that the cross-section in the coma of CG may be dominated by grains of the order of .     

内蒙古乌拉山地区韧性剪切退化变质作用与金矿的关系

韧性剪切变质变形作用不但是变质变形作用过程,而且也是重要的成矿作用过程.韧性剪切变质变形带是金矿成矿的有利地段,但不是所有的韧性剪切带都可形成成金矿,只有具绿片岩相退化变质的韧性剪切带才与金矿有关.     

VISPO project: visible image-spectrometer for planetary observations

Satellite instrumentations designed for planetary studies are often open to other interesting applications from ground: not only one can efficiently carry out detailed calibrations before space data become available, but also the prototypes of the satellite instruments can be successfully employed in different fields ranging from astrophysics to cosmology. Both possibilities are opened by coupling these instruments with ground based telescopes having short focal ratios, like those designed for far infrared studies. These possibilities are particularly amazing in view of the long delay usually present between the launch and the collection of the first scientific data (months in case of Mars Express, years in case of Rosetta).

We propose in this article to employ immediately this technology, by coupling the developing model of the Image-Spectrometer VIRTIS-M with the ground telescope MITO.

This project will allow us to perform a better calibration of the space qualified instrument and observational campaigns, including some important cosmological investigations.