甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统优势植物种群分布格局及种间关联性

基于25个样地、375个样方和150条样线的调查资料,采用扩散系数(C)、负二项参数(K)、平均拥挤度(m*)、丛生指标(D、聚块性指标(PI)、Green指数(GI)、Cassie指标(GA)和Moristia指数(Ⅰδ)等8个指标以及方差比率(VR)法,对甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统优势植物种群的空间分布格局、聚集强度和种间总体关联性进行了研究.结果表明:①研究区8种优势种群均为聚集分布(p＜0.01).其中,多枝柽柳群落、多枝柽柳沙包群落和胡杨群落均具有较高聚集程度,而疏叶骆驼刺群落和芦苇群落均具有较低聚集程度.②研究区优势种群中灌(乔)木层均为聚集分布(p＜0.05).③研究区优势种群在各海拔梯度上均为聚集分布(p＜0.05).随海拔梯度的增加,种群聚集强度增加,且种群聚集程度变化较为平缓.④研究区植物群落中,灌(乔)木层主要种群的种间联结表现为显著的正关联,乔灌草和草本层的主要种群的种间联结表现为显著的负关联.应用2×2联列表x2统计量、联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)等方法,综合分析了敦煌西湖主要种群的种间联结显著性和关联强度.结果表明:研究区大多数种群种间关联程度不显著(p＞0.05),不关联的种对数明显要多于显著关联种对数,显著负关联的种对数多于正关,说明种群对生境和资源要求不一样,与总体种间相关性检验的方差比率VR值的结果一致,群落中优势物种处于不稳定阶段.     

敦煌盆地早更新世沉积物粒度分析、36Cl定年及其构造隆升意义

青藏高原早更新世末期的快速隆升对全球气候变化、中国西部盆山地貌形成与荒漠化的发展有着重大影响。高原东北缘敦煌盆地早更新世河湖相沉积物粒度分析和红色泥岩³⁶Cl 断代法定年结果表明：早更新世晚期（1.164 ~1.087 Ma B.P.）,青藏高原北部党金山快速隆升,砾石层和粗砂层发育,沉积速率加快;1.087~ 0.809 Ma B. P.,山脉隆升速度变缓,沉积速率降低;0.809 Ma B. P.以来,受山脉隆升的影响,敦煌盆地气候逐渐变得干旱,沙漠形成。区域分析表明,沉积速率所反映的中国中西部山脉隆升最新的年代存在差别,不同时期高原的隆升产生不同的气候效应。因此,构造隆升和气候变化的细节尚待进一步研究。     

Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical control of groundwater salinity in an arid inland basin: Dunhuang Basin,northwestern China

High groundwater salinity has become a major concern in the arid alluvial plain of the Dunhuang Basin in northwestern China because it poses a significant challenge to water resource management. Isotopic and geochemical analyses were conducted on 55 water samples from springs, boreholes and surface water to identify potential sources of groundwater salinity and analyse the processes that control increasing salinity. The total dissolved solid (TDS) content in the groundwater ranged from 400 to 41 000 mg/l, and high TDS values were commonly associated with shallow water tables and flow‐through and discharge zones in unconfined aquifers. Various groundwater contributions from rainwater, agricultural irrigation, river water infiltration and lateral inflows from mountains were identified by major ions and δD and δ¹⁸O. In general, HCO₃^? and SO₄^2? were the dominant anions in groundwater with a salinity of <2500 mg/l, whereas Cl^? and SO₄^2? were the dominant anions in groundwater with a salinity of >2500 mg/l. The major ion concentrations indicated that mineral weathering, including carbonate and evaporite dissolution, primarily affected groundwater salinity in recharge areas. Evapotranspiration controlled the major ion concentration evolution and salinity distribution in the unconfined groundwaters in the flow‐through and discharge areas, although it had a limited effect on groundwater in the recharge areas and confined aquifers. Agricultural irrigation increased the water table and enhanced evapotranspiration in the oasis areas of the basin. TDS and Cl became more concentrated, but H and O isotopes were not enriched in the irrigation district, indicating that transpiration dominated the increasing salinity. For other places in the basin, as indicated by TDS, Cl, δD and δ¹⁸O characteristics, evaporation, transpiration and water–rock interactions dominated at different hydrogeological zones, depending on the plant coverage and hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater ages of ³H, and δD and δ¹⁸O compositions and distributions suggest that most of the groundwaters in Dunhuang Basin have a paleometeoric origin and experienced a long residence time. These results can contribute to groundwater management and future water allocation programmes in the Dunhuang Basin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

偏西风作用下敦煌月牙泉金字塔沙山顶部风沙流初步观测研究

金字塔沙山丘体高大,形态复杂,坡面风沙动力过程实地观测困难,至今尚无坡面风沙流野外观测数据。通过新研制自动集沙仪,对偏西风作用下敦煌月牙泉北侧金字塔沙山顶部风沙流进行了实时观测,共观测8组近地表51.4 cm高度内输沙数据,各观测时段中2 m高度平均风速7.46～14.15 m·s^-1,各组观测时长18~95 min。结果表明：偏西风纵向气流作用下金字塔沙山风沙流结构与平坦地表一致,即输沙量随高度增加呈单一的指数规律递减,且风沙流主要在近地表30 cm高度内输移。风沙流结构特征值λ以大于1为主,且随风速增大而增大,表明金字塔沙山坡面过程主要表现为风蚀过程。偏西风作用下金字塔沙山风沙流中沙粒以细沙为主,平均粒径随高度增加而减小;沙山迎风坡沙粒从坡脚到沙脊线逐渐粗化,风蚀作用增强,细沙从而随风沙流搬运至沙山顶,对金字塔沙山多以细沙为主的格局形成起重要作用。     

敦煌盆地中、下侏罗统含油气系统分析

敦煌盆地油气勘探能否取得突破取决于盆地中源岩的生烃潜能和圈闭的有效性．运用含油气系统研究思路,结合野外露头观察和盆地充填序列特征的分析。对盆地侏罗系含油气系统的地质要素(源岩、储集岩、盖层及上覆岩层)和作用过程(可能生成的油气运移、聚集、圈闭)进行定性评价和综合解释,结合露头岩样的有机地化分析和露头剖面的油气地质解释,推测出该盆地西端南部中、下侏罗统的暗色泥岩和含煤岩系中的炭质页岩为主要的烃源岩,而其间的不整合面上的砂岩层为主要的储集体和主要的油气勘探目的层系．     

主社区居民对旅游效应的感知研究--以敦煌市为例

文章以敦煌市为例,进行了主社区居民对旅游效应的感知实证研究。结果表明,目前正处于“成熟巩固阶段”的敦煌旅游地．其居民对旅游积极效应的感知明显强于对消极效应的感知,且对经济效应的感知强于对社会文化和环境效应的感知;敦煌市已形成了较为鲜明的热爱者、现实主义者、谨慎的热爱者、顾虑者和憎恨者等5类群体。与国内其它案例研究的比较结果,在一定程度上验证了居民感知会随着旅游地生命周期阶段的演变而呈现阶段性变化的特征。     

Damage and conservation of the high cliff on the Northern area of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, China

The Mogao Grottoes have 750 caves, 45,000 m² of wall paintings, 2,415 painted sculptures, five wooden temple fronts from the Tang and Song dynasties, and thousands of columns with carved designs of lotus flowers and ornamental tiles. The Mogao Grottoes are one of the largest and best-preserved Buddhist art treasure houses in the world. The diverse range of wall paintings and sculptures and the profound and varied Buddhist art at the site prompted UNESCO to list the grottoes as a World Heritage Site for its cultural values. The Mogao Grottoes consist of two areas: the Southern Grottoes Area and the Northern Grottoes Area. Almost all the Buddhist art treasures are located in the southern area. The northern area is mainly where the monks and the creators of the arts of Dunhuang resided. In this paper, the causes of damage to the grottoes are analyzed by investigating the geohazards occurring on the side slopes on the high cliff in the northern zone. This paper will analyze the causes of deterioration through the investigation of deterioration in the upper section of the cliff face and goes on to discuss the main causes of deterioration of the cliff body: the development of fissures, wind erosion, rain erosion, and flood scouring. The following measures have been undertaken to deal with the above problems: bolt anchoring, grouting of fissures, use of bracing supports in some areas, and stabilization of caves and cliff face. Through the above measures, the upper section of the upper face in the northern zone has been effectively treated according to the principles of “restoration to historic condition and not altering the historic appearance.”     

敦煌方山口大型钒磷铀矿床的稀土元素地球化学研究

采用等离子光谱法对敦煌方山口钒磷铀矿床围岩及矿石的稀土元素含量进行了测定，结果显示本区稀土元素多为LREE富集型，各样品间稀土元素的含量、组成和Ce、Eu亏损程度等差异，主要是沉积环境变化的反映。通过相关性分析得知，∑REE与粘土、有机质、V2O5等呈负相关，与CaO、MgO、P2O5和U呈正相关，并认为∑REE与有机质的负相关性为成岩后生改造的结果，与其他化学成分之间的关系均是沉积条件与沉积过程复合作用的结果。     

敦煌莫高窟顶尼龙网栅栏防护效应研究

野外监测和风洞模拟实验结果表明,孔隙度为20%~25%的尼龙网栅栏,其保护范围达23.5H~29.5H,栅栏前后的积沙范围主要集中在2H(栏前)~3H(栏后)。砂砾质戈壁区尼龙网栅栏直接阻止了偏西风向洞窟搬运沙量的80%以上,但其侧导能力微弱,外围栅栏对来自主风向的外侧积沙的侧导率平均达到35%;对其内侧的侧导作用,在偏东风时为57.51%,偏西风时平均为15.89%,反映了防护效益的季节变化特征。在网后1H处,20cm、50cm、100cm和150cm高处的风速分别降到网前3H的48.6%、38.6%、40.7%和66%。在NW风作用下,网后10m、2m的输沙量分别是网前10m、2m的1/29和1/43,并受栅栏设置等因素的影响。流沙区尼龙网栅栏的防沙效益亦表现出在三组不同风向上的差异。栅栏的阻沙效益与沙源供给关系密切,沙源充足时以风积为主,相反,则出现较强的风蚀作用。3~5月间,对比分析前方沙源充足(1992年)、基本控制(2002年)和较好控制(2003年)3种情况,窟前栈道不同部位洞前积沙分别减少39.4%~83.3%、75.4%~95.2%和94.0%~98.7%。尼龙网栅栏是比其他材料更优的一种防沙材料,不仅价格便宜,施工简单,而且在沙障被埋后容易移动重设,在阻止沙丘前移和防止过境风沙流具有优势。目前在网栅周围形成的局部积沙,在综合防护体系逐渐建立,前方沙源截留的前提下,利用窟顶输沙能力的季节变化特别是偏东方的反向搬运功能,局部积沙可以得到较好的输导。同时建议维护调整现有砂砾质戈壁区尼龙网栅栏防护体系。     

敦煌莫高窟顶灌木林带防护效应研究

风洞模拟实验和野外观测结果表明,平均林带高H=1 5m,疏透度β=50%的两条灌木林带周围的气流场分为7个能量区。在贴地层,有林带前的拐角绕流阻滞减速区,林带中的灌丛阻挡湍流衰减区,林带后的回流涡旋减速及速度恢复区,林带远方的气流附体加速区。在林带上部,有林带间的阻滞减速区和林带后的涡旋减速区,在林带顶后部有集流加速区。风沙流在阻滞、涡旋回流减速区沉积,而在加速区则会产生风蚀,在林带顶上下层气流交换加强。在低速时林带阻沙能力较强,当风速为10m·s-1时,有林带的输沙量可减少一个量级,即阻滞90%的风沙流;在中高风速时(风速为15m·s-1及以上),林带对风沙流的阻滞作用明显减弱,只阻滞20%。