土体应力-应变关系转型问题分析

通过对土体应力应变试验结果的分析,明确指出了土体普遍存在的应力-应变关系转型现象。提出了按后破坏模量和临界围压两个参数判别土体应力-应变关系转型的方法,对影响土体应力-应变关系转型的因素包括土的类型、围压、初始密度或含水率、排水条件及应力路径等进行了简要分析。最后,对砂土初步提出了一个能反映转型现象的组合应力-应变关系模型的理论框架。     

Forest landscape patterns dynamics of Yihe-Luohe river basin

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999, six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin. These indices include patch number, mean patch area, fragment index, patch extension index, etc. The results showed that: (1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area. The fragment degree became very high. (2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes. The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999. The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, non-forest, shrub forest, sparse forest, and Quercus species forest increased rapidly, but that of economic forest became zero. The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted. (3) The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomorphic regions. From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area, the gross number and the density of patch, diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines, but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased. In hilly region, both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999, but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly. In mountain region, even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999, the patch number was increased greatly, the mean area of all patch types was reduced, the extension index, diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased. Furthermore, because of different types of land use, human activity and terrain, the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different. According to these analyses, the main driving forces, such as the policies of management, market economy, influence of human activities etc. are brought out.     

世界七大洲最高峰构造对比

世界七大洲最高峰均位于全球或巨型经向或纬向构造带中 ,暗示山脉形成和地球自转之间有内在联系。它们均位于区域弧形构造带弧顶部位 ,弧形构造带成因包括俯冲弧、碰撞弧和伸展弧三类 ,弧形构造弯曲方向与不同类型弧形构造之间有着特定的几何关系。世界七大洲最高峰均与某种具体构造相联系 ,诸如火山构造、推覆构造等 ,反映构造作用在其形成中的意义。它们在新生代期间均发生强烈隆升 ,至今仍有活动。其隆升过程既有构造隆升 ,又有均衡隆升 ,以构造隆升为主。构造隆升中断裂构造、特别是两组断裂复合起着决定作用 ,火山作用对某些高峰的形成有重要意义。     

RIVER PATTERNS AND SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRANSFORMATION MODES

1 INTRODUCTIONThe river pattCths and transfo~ion of the pattenes are of great significance for flood control andmanagement of navigation system. Vallous spatial and temporal modes have been reported in theprevious stUdies. These modes depend on certain controlling factors and occur with different frequencies.These factors are related to modem fluvial processes and ancient sedimentary consequences. T'hedifferent river patterns, depending on the factors, can be either observed in nature or…     

饱和多孔岩石弛豫衰减对时间和温度的依赖性

通过饱和多孔岩石的低频亚共振试验 ,得到了饱和多孔岩石的内耗峰是典型的弛豫峰的结论 .不同的饱和液体、不同的岩石导致不同的弛豫峰特征 ,饱和岩石的弛豫特性 ,是寻找油田、地热田和预测储层的物性基础 .试验结果表明 ,饱和多孔岩石都具有一个共同的特性---时间和温度的等效性 ,即降低温度与增加振动频率是等效的 ,这就是饱和多孔岩石的弛豫共性 .     

世界核电工业发展与地理格局的初探

核电工业自本世纪50年代以来发展迅速,其发电量不断上升,且有与火电、水电并行发展的趋势。本文在论述世界核电工业发展的基本情况后,以核电大国法国为典型代表,分析了核电工业的地位和地域分布特点,初浅地总结了核电工业的地理空间格局。     

Vortex Patterns and Roll Damping on Various Cross Sections of Ships

A numerical study is presented on roll damping of ships by solving Navier-Stokes equation.Two-Dimensional unsteady incompressible viscous flow around the rolling cylinders of various ship-likecross sections are numerically simulated by use of the computational scheme previously developed by theauthors.The numerical results show that the location of the vortices is very similar to the existing experi-mental result.For comparison of vortex patterns and roll damping on various ship-like cross sections,vari-ous distributions of shear stress and pressure on the rolling ship hull surface are presented in this paper.Itis found that there are two vortices around the midship-like section and there is one vortex around the foreor stern section.Based on these simulation results.the roll damping of a ship including viscous effects iscalculated.The contribution of pressure to the roll moment is larger than the contribution of frictionalshear stress.     

Vorontsov-Velyaminov rows: Straight segments in the spiral arms of galaxies

The phenomenon of rows—straight features in the spiral patterns of galaxies, which was discovered by Vorontsov-Velyaminov, is investigated. The rows are not artifacts; in several cases, they outline regular spiral arms almost over their entire lengths. The galaxies M 101, M 51, and a number of more distant spirals are used as examples to demonstrate major geometrical and physical properties of these structures. It is shown that the row lengths increase nearly linearly with distance from the disk center, and that the angle between adjacent rows is almost always close to 2π/3. The galaxies with rows generally belong to moderate-luminosity Sbc-Sc systems with low rotational velocities, regular spiral patterns (Grand Design), and an H I content normal for these types of galaxies. Two types of rows are shown to exist, which differ in thickness and appear to be evolutionarily related. The formation mechanism of the rows should probably be sought in the peculiar behavior of the gas-compression wave in spiral density waves.     

Physical and Human Factors Influencing Potential Fish Habitat Distribution along a Mountain River, France

Potential fish habitat along the Drôme River, France, is a function of the distribution of large woody debris, boulders, undercut banks, gravel substrate, and pools. The distribution of these features is, in turn, a function of channel geomorphology, watershed and riparian forest characteristics. We conducted field work and analysed aerial photographs for 190 elementary segments of 500 m length along the Drôme River's 95 km course from the Alps westward to its confluence with the Rhône River near Loriol. The Drôme River does not follow the classic pattern of a monotone downstream decrease in gradient and change in channel characteristics. Although channel gradient, braided index and channel incision all decrease downstream, stream power is independent of longitudinal distance. These variables are largely controlled by geomorphic, human or hydrologic factors at the reach scale. Potential fish habitat richness decreases downstream, but individual habitat variables affecting habitat richness do not necessarily decrease downstream, many being controlled by local factors rather than by position along the continuum. Large woody debris is more abundant in braided reaches located directly downstream of confluences with main tributaries or downstream input sites. Boulders are most abundant downstream of failed bank protection works or in gorges. To improve fish habitat in the Drôme River, we recommend taking a long-term and large-scale perspective. Because structures placed in this unstable channel are likely to be washed downstream, we propose to emulate natural river dynamics and to permit large woody debris to enter the channel in unstable reaches via bank erosion, and that this debris not be removed (as is routinely done now) but permitted to migrate downstream through the system, creating fish habitat en route.     

哈尼梯田土地利用空间格局及其变化的信息图谱研究

以云南省元阳县为例,建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,对其图谱特征进行分析。结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象的揭示区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次图形信息与变化过程结合;土地利用变化景观特征图谱建立以度量空间格局变化为目标的景观指数体系。