青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究

介绍了2002年夏季在海拔2650m的青海东部地区所进行的雷电综合观测实验及初步研究结果。实验中采用了GPS同步的6个站闪电快、慢电场变化和平均电场的同步观测,配合1ms的高速摄像对该地的雷暴电荷结构、闪电放电特征等进行了研究。初步研究结果表明,青海东部的雷暴云当顶时,地面电场既可受云内的负电荷所控制,也可能受正电荷所控制,揭示了雷暴电荷结构的复杂性。同时,闪电特征也存在一定的特殊性,所发生的地闪先导常以多分叉的形式慢速向地面行进,并在地面形成两个或两个以上的接地点;梯级先导的发展速度约为0.8～1.18×105m·s-1。同时在地闪发生之前和之后常有持续时间较长、闪道清晰的云内放电过程发生。高速摄像观测首次发现,在一次云内正电荷控制地面电场的雷暴条件下,云内放电过程呈现出双层结构特征。放电首先从上部负电荷区和下部正电荷之间的地方激发,然后上、下同时发展。在开始阶段只能看到向下的负流光通道,当上、下发展的通道分别到达负、正电荷区时,明亮的的主通道形成。之后放电在下部正电荷区以多分叉的形式水平扩展,下部的水平扩展停止后,主通道上部的放电开始水平扩展,是一种反极性的云内放电过程。     

秦巴山区富水公路滑坡监测分析及工程效果研究

滑坡的形成和发展往往与地表水和地下水活动相关,本文深入分析了秦巴山区十天高速某富水滑坡的成因机理,预测了公路开挖后滑坡的变形破坏模式并制定了相应的治理方案; 通过施工期间监测资料分析及工程效果研究,验证了其变形破坏模式并总结了治理工程实施过程中滑坡各阶段变形特点。提出对于地下水来源丰富的大型覆盖层滑坡,其蠕变特性与黏性土的流变性及自身的应力状态有关,滑体中黏粒含量越高、塑性指数越大、含水量越高,土的流变性越强,滑坡蠕动变形越明显; 该类滑坡仅采取支挡和地表排水措施难以有效控制其变形发展,需辅以泄水隧洞等地下排水工程,改变地下水渗流场,提高滑带有效应力,方可稳定滑坡; 大型深层覆盖层滑坡即使采用抗滑桩等支挡工程进行预加固,随着开挖的加深,坡体应变能释放,将形成新的塑性区,滑面的发展遵循渐进破坏理论,逐步向下发展,治理工程需兼顾多层滑面的影响。     

Slope form and basal stream relationships: A case study in the westend basin of the Southern Pennines,England

Relationships between slope form and stream magnitude, drainage area and stream gradient are investigated in a small upland catchment experiencing active stream incision. Profiles selected on a stratified random basis provide data on five slope form variables. The observed relationships suggest a spatial sequence of slope form, associated with a downstream increase in discharge, characterized by decreasing overall slope convexity and increasing mean slope angle and attributed to a reduction in the relative length of the upslope convexity with respect to the essentially stream-controlled main slope.     

东刘家金矿矿区地下水动态与均衡分析

东刘家金矿矿区位于海阳市郭城镇,主要发育3组NE向断裂裂隙,含水岩组主要为第四系冲洪积、坡积孔隙含水岩组,碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组,碳酸盐岩类岩溶裂隙含水岩组及基岩风化带裂隙含水岩组。文中在查清水文地质条件的情况下,详细分析了矿区含水层的富水性,地下水补给、径流、排泄及动态特征,矿区地下水开发利用现状。在此基础上,进行了地下水均衡计算,地下水补给来源主要为大气降水入渗和农灌入渗补给,补给方式为地表直接下渗补给、断裂带导水补给以及上覆松散层下渗补给,主要排泄方式为人工开采、矿坑涌水和蒸发,总体上矿区处于地下水均衡状态。研究成果为矿区在今后的开采过程中控制地下水,合理防治与排水,维持区域地下水自然动态等提供了科学的依据。。     

Numerical simulation of karst groundwater system for discharge prediction and protection design of spring in Fangshan District,Beijing

As the rapid growth of population and social economy, the situation of water resources shortage in Beijing city becomes more and more serious. Karst groundwater in Beijing has great potential for development. The reasonable exploitation of karst groundwater can enhance the water-supply stability of Beijing city. Firstly, the distribution of springs has been investigated in Fangshan, Beijing, and the characteristics of these springs have also been analyzed. Secondly, the hydrogeological conceptual model has been built, based on this, the groundwater flow numerical simulation model was established, and the parameter identification and validation of the model were performed under groundwater level and spring discharge. The results shows that the simulated values of groundwater level and spring discharge are very close to measured values, and the model can be used for groundwater resources evaluation and spring discharge prediction. Finally, a reasonable exploitation design has been developed with three exploitation scenarios considering the spring discharge protection; meanwhile, the quantity of groundwater resources was evaluated in the karst aquifer. The simulation results indicate that different exploitation yields have a significant impact on spring discharge; and the effective measures should be taken to protect the spring discharge     

Aquatic weed growth and flow resistance: Influence on the relationship between discharge and stage over a 25 year river gauging station record

In developing a method for establishing reliable flow estimates from monthly current metered discharge measurements and continuous stage records at a site subject to seasonal aquatic weed growth, a 25 year series of estimates of the resistance of the channel to flow was generated. Analysis of this data set produced estimated relationships between flow resistance, discharge and stage which support the models developed from shorter term research investigations. In addition, the annual cycle in flow resistance at the section studied was found to range from a minimum resistance in January to a maximum in August and September.     

任意结构的电容耦合直流放电的数值模拟

本文描述了二维模型下电容耦合的直流放电计算过程.发展了适用于任意结构下非正交坐标系的算法.提出了决定边界条件的相关技术.程序设计中发展了网格生成系统,使程序更适用.并且用图表说明了半导体机械中的一种典型的应用.     

Heat flux calculations for Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers

This study analyzes long-term (40–60 years) discharge and water temperature records collected near the basin outlets of the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. It defines seasonal cycles of discharge, water temperature (WT), and heat flux (HF) for the basins, and compares their main features to understand their similarity and difference. Both rivers have similar hydrographs, i.e. low flows in winter and high discharge in summer, with the peak flood in June due to snowmelt runoff. Mackenzie River has many large lakes and they sustain the higher base flows over the fall/winter season. Mackenzie basin is large with high precipitation, thus producing 50% more discharge than the Yukon River to the Arctic Ocean. The WT regimes are also similar between the two rivers. Yukon River WT is about 2–3 °C warmer than the Mackenzie over the open water months. Both rivers have the highest WT in the mid summer and they transport large amount of heat to the polar ocean system. Yukon River monthly HF is lower by 10–60% than the Mackenzie mainly due to smaller discharge. Mackenzie River heat transport peaks in July, while the Yukon HF reaches the maximum in June and July. These results provide critical knowledge of river thermal condition and energy transport to the northern seas. They are useful for large-scale climate and ocean model development and validation, and climate/hydrology change research in the northern regions.     

Flow dynamics and erosion rate of a representative karst basin (Upper Aniene River,Central Italy)

Experimental data refer to a preliminary estimate of suspended solid and solute load of a perennial river. The basin is composed almost entirely of bare mesozoic, highly fractured, karstified carbonate rocks of the central Apennine range. The suspended solid load related to stormflow events in 1991 corresponds to about 14,970 t yr^–1. For the same period the solute load is 60,060 t yr^–1 for a mean base flow discharge of 9.4 m³ s^–1. Based on the mean concentration of Ca + Mg in water, the value of dissolution of carbonate rocks of 37.1 m³ km^–2 (equivalent approximately to 0.04 mm yr^–1) was calculated. Physical and chemical variations that occur during storm events indicate the complex dynamic processes in the karst aquifer and the role undertaken by the epikarst as perched water reservoir and by the major conduits that develop through the vadose and saturated zones of the karst system.