昆明草海晚更新世硅藻植物群及其环境演化

通过对草海2号孔硅藻植物群生态演化及沉积特征的研究,将草海晚更新世划分为十个硅藻带和五个环境演化段落,说明5万年以来草海经历了由河流三角洲—中深湖滨—浅湖—沼泽的发展过程,在距今4.4万年时,滇池湖达到高潮,以后一直湖退,其中距今2.8万年左右由于河口砂坝的发展而形成海埂,使草海与滇池相对隔离而进入一个独立发展阶段,并加快了草海沼泽化进程。从气候上看,5万年以来,草海也经历了凉—暖—凉—温的两次周期性变化。     

Dissolved silica budget in the North basin of Lake Lugano

We studied the dissolved silica cycle in the water column of the North basin of Lake Lugano, Switzerland/Italy. Lake Lugano is a meromictic, eutrophic lake, permanently stratified below 100-m depth. A one-box model was used to calculate a silica mass-balance over 1993, based on various lake measurements, such as sediment traps, sediment cores, water analysis and biota countings. We found that the North basin of Lake Lugano is at steady state as far as dissolved silica is concerned. The primary source of dissolved silica in the lake is river input (about 80%), with diffusion from bottom sediments and groundwater input also playing a role. Atmospheric input is negligible. The main export of dissolved silica occurs via biogenic uptake by diatoms and final burial of their frustules in the bottom sediment. Loss of dissolved silica through the lake outflow only represents 15% of the total output. Of the total amount of Si exported to the lake bottom through diatom sinking, less than 20% is re-supplied to the surface water by diffusion. Thus, the lake acts as an important permanent sink for silica. The long residence time of dissolved silica in the lake (7 years) is related to the strong physical stratification of the lake. Only about 10% of the standing stock are available to phytoplankton uptake.     

Temporal variation in community–environment relationships and stream classifications in benthic diatoms: Implications for bioassessment

Diatom based biomonitoring tools are proven to be a practical way to indicate stream conditions, but only little is known how stable diatom inferred stream classifications are in time. We studied annual variation in diatom community–environment relationships, community structure and diatom indices (Index of Pollution Sensitivity, IPS and Trophic Diatom Index, TDI) during three consecutive years (2010–2012) in four drainage basins distributed in Finland. We also used a cluster analysis to examine if stream classifications resulted in distinct and temporally stable community types. We found only subtle temporal variation in community–environment relationships, nutrient concentrations (N, P) and conductivity consistently being the main factors structuring communities. According to Mantel tests, diatom communities resembled each other significantly at different years, and the values of IPS and TDI indices remained relatively stable in the basins through time. The stream classification based on diatoms also resulted in temporally stable and statistically distinct community types. We thus suggest that sampling of diatoms, e.g., in every three years seems to be a reliable procedure to assess biological water quality. Generally, to choose the correct metrics to assess water quality is essential, and both biological and physicochemical factors should be considered.     

太湖流域水库型水源地硅藻水华发生特征及对策分析

基于溧阳市天目湖沙河水库2009—2014年的硅藻群落结构及水质调查,以及宜兴横山水库等硅藻水华期藻类和水质调查数据,分析了太湖流域水库中硅藻水华群落结构特征及受气温、水位、营养盐等环境条件的影响.结果表明,太湖流域硅藻水华的主要发生期为5—7月,快速生长期发生在气温为16~26℃期间,当气温超过26℃时,硅藻的生物量开始下降.硅藻的优势属包括针杆藻、曲壳藻、小环藻和颗粒直链藻.其中沙河水库和横山水库中针杆藻是主要危害,其生物量主导了硅藻总生物量.大溪水库有时以针杆藻为主,有时以颗粒直链藻为主.当总氮浓度低于1.0 mg/L的Ⅲ类水上限时,水体氮浓度能大大限制硅藻生物量,当总磷浓度低于0.025 mg/L的Ⅱ类水上限时,也可能对硅藻生物量产生限制.高于此营养水平,硅藻水华的严重程度主要受气温、降雨等因素影响.研究表明,对于处于中营养水平的太湖流域水库而言,硅藻生物量既受气温、降雨、水位等气象水文条件的控制,又受氮、磷、硅等营养盐供给的影响.硅藻水华的防控既要关注气候和气象条件,也要尽量削减氮、磷营养盐入湖通量,维持较低营养盐水平是确保硅藻水华不形成危害的关键.     

Diatomeenstratigraphische Untersuchungen zur Trophieänderung und Industrieschlammakkumulation im Traunsee/Österreich

Three cores from Traunsee were investigated and compared with respect to diatom stratigraphy concerning dating of incursions into and rate of accumulation of industrial tailings in the profundal zone.

     

Constraining the dating of late Quaternary marine sediment records from the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean)

In Southern Ocean sediments south of the Antarctic Polar Front, the scarcity of calcareous microfossils hampers the development of sediment chronologies based on radiocarbon dating and oxygen isotope stratigraphy established from carbonate. In this study, radiometric dating, magnetic susceptibility (MS), biogenic opal content, diatom abundance fluctuation, and paleomagnetic information were investigated on a north–south transect of central Scotia Sea sediment cores to verify their reliability as stratigraphic tools in the study area. Radiocarbon dating on organic carbon humic acid fraction can be used to establish the stratigraphy of upper core sections, but regional comparison and correlation are needed to verify a possible bias by fossil carbon contamination. For the long-term stratigraphy, MS, which can be correlated to the Antarctic ice core dust/climate signal, represents the most valuable parameter. Fine-grained single domain magnetite, probably of biogenic origin, makes a significant contribution to the interglacial MS signal, while major contributions from detrital material affect the glacial MS record. The core from the southern Scotia Sea contains significant proportions of biogenic magnetite also in glacial sediments, suggesting depositional environments different from those of the northern Scotia Sea. Our data suggest low contributions of high-coercive minerals to the overall magnetic intensity of glacial and interglacial Scotia Sea sediments, which excludes dust as a main source of the magnetic signal. Opal content can be used to distinguish between cold and warm intervals for the past 300 thousand years. Abundance fluctuation patterns of diatom species Fragilariopsis kerguelensis and Eucampia antarctica are useful stratigraphic tools for periods back to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6. The Mono Lake geomagnetic excursion is identified in Scotia Sea sediments for the first time. Possible correlations of ash layers are suggested between Scotia Sea sediments and East Antarctic ice cores. They have potential to serve as additional age markers for further studies in this area.     

中-晚全新世冷水团对西格陵兰Disko湾的影响

西格陵兰位于北极—北大西洋地区,其海洋环境演变受西格陵兰洋流中冷、暖水团的显著影响。本文运用主成分分析方法对西格陵兰Disko湾DA06-139G孔沉积物中主要硅藻属种进行研究,试图揭示5000a BP以来西格陵兰洋流中冷、暖水团强度变化对研究区海洋环境的影响。5000—3800a BP期间,东格陵兰寒流携带的极地冷水团强度较弱,而北大西洋暖水团势力较强,Disko湾地区海洋环境较为温暖。3800—2000a BP期间,西格陵兰洋流中极地冷水团势力呈现阶段性增强,此时Disko湾地区气候缓慢转冷,海冰覆盖面积逐渐增加。2000a BP以后,特别是650a BP之后,样品在主成分轴一上的得分显著增高,表明Disko湾气候明显变冷,来自东格陵兰寒流的极地冷水团强度显著增强。Disko湾中晚全新世以来的硅藻记录及样品在主成分轴一上的得分所指示的极地冷水团的强度变化与格陵兰冰芯温度及海冰变化等具有较好的一致性,说明研究区海流特征与大气温度、海冰等环境要素密切相关。     

High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice: implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms

Exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms play important roles in various aquatic, porous, and extreme environments. Only recently has their occurrence in sea ice been considered. We used macroscopic and microscopic approaches to study the content and possible ecological role of EPS in wintertime fast ice near Barrow, Alaska (71°20′ N, 156°40′ W). Using Alcian blue staining of melted ice samples, we observed high concentrations of EPS in all samples examined, ranging from 0.79 to 7.71 mg xanthan gum equivalents (XGEQV) l⁻¹. Areal conversions to carbon equivalents yielded 1.5−1.9 g C m⁻² ice in March and 3.3−4.0 g C m⁻² in May (when the ice was thicker). Although EPS did not correlate with macronutrient or pigment data, the latter analyses indicated ongoing or recent biological activity in the ice within temperature horizons of −11°C to −9°C and warmer. EPS correlated positively with bacterial abundance (although no functional relationship could be deduced) and with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Ratios of EPS/DOC decreased at colder temperatures within the core, arguing against physical conversion of DOC to EPS during freezing. When sea-ice segments were maintained at representative winter temperatures (−5°C,−15°C and −25°C) for 3−14 months, the total EPS content increased significantly at rates of 5−47 μg XGEQV l⁻¹ d⁻¹, similar to published rates of EPS production by diatoms. Microscopic images of ice-core sections at these very cold temperatures, using a recently developed non-invasive method, revealed diatoms sequestered in spacious brine pockets, intact autofluorescent chloroplasts in 47% of the (pennate) diatoms observed, and indications of mucus in diatom-containing pores. The high concentrations of EPS detected in these winter ice cores represent a previously unrecognized form of organic matter that may contribute significantly to polar ocean carbon cycles, not only within the ice but after springtime release into the water column. The EPS present in very high concentrations in the brine of these microhabitats appear to play important buffering and cryoprotectant roles for microorganisms, especially diatoms, against harsh winter conditions of high salinity and potential ice-crystal damage.