地形三维可视化中的彩色地貌晕渲图多模式色彩设计

设计了一种较系统的地貌彩色晕渲图设色方案,根据任意高程范围内的DEM数据,自动采用相应模式,生成了满足专业制图标准的彩色晕渲图。     

大跨度斜拉桥横桥向减震研究

斜拉桥在横桥向采用塔-梁、墩-梁固结的约束体系,导致其整体刚度增加,地震惯性力增大,给边墩及其基础的抗震设计造成困难。分别采用位移相关型(方案1)和速度相关型(方案2)两类减震装置对一座斜拉桥的横桥向进行了减震研究。方案1在边墩-主梁间设置位移相关型减震装置,并对其屈服荷载进行了参数分析;方案2对速度相关型减震装置的安装位置和数量进行了优化分析,并对其参数取值进行了参数分析;对横桥向固结体系和减震体系的地震反应进行了对比。结果表明:地震作用下两类减震装置发生滞回变形,延长了结构在横桥向的周期,有效降低了边墩的地震剪力和弯矩反应;横桥向墩-梁间的相对位移会增大,可通过减震装置参数的选取将其控制在合理的范围内;塔底的地震剪力和弯矩反应变化不明显。2种方案均可用于斜拉桥横向减震。     

主题公园规划设计探讨

文章就我国目前在开发建设主题公园过程中存在的问题，认为不能就主题公园论主题公园，而应树立以大众文化为内涵，以综合效益为目标、以区位组合为关键的规划设计理念，提出了可行性分析、主题策划、产品组合、游线设计、设施布局、环艺设计、形象策划、文化展经营管理和营销策划等方面的基本思路与对策。     

The spatio-temporal development of Copenhagen’s bicycle infrastructure 1912–2013

Cycling plays an important role in low-carbon transitions. Around the globe, cities are constructing bicycle infrastructure. The city of Copenhagen has a bicycle-friendly infrastructure celebrated for its fine-meshed network. This study documents the spatio-temporal development of Copenhagen’s bicycle infrastructure and explores how the development corresponds to other processes of urban transformation. The study builds on historical maps of bicycle infrastructure that are digitised into geographical information, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of the formation of the network. In search for identifying drivers, the study analyses the city’s spatial growth pattern, migration pattern, development of road network and changes in the transport culture. Analyses reveal that the bicycle infrastructure expanded at a relatively constant pace during distinct periods of urban transformation, including periods when the city suffered from spatial, economic and demographic decline, and dominance of car traffic. By discussing reasons and demands for constructing bicycle infrastructure, the study identifies four distinct periods in which bicycle infrastructure was constructed to enhance comfort and safety (first cycling city); the flow for cars (car city); urban liveability for soft transport (liveable city); and, finally, to improve the flow for cyclists as part a strategic re-design of urban space (liveable cycling city).     

Effects of torsion factors on simple non-linear systems using fully-bidirectional analyses

An ensemble of earthquake records is used to carry out non-linear analyses of simple torsionally unbalanced systems considering both resisting elements and earthquake components along two perpendicular directions. These fully bidirectional analyses are focused to study the effect of the following factors: (i) seismic-force reduction factor; (ii) factors α and δ used to compute the design eccentricity; (iii) initial lateral period; and (iv) initial stiffness eccentricity. Results indicate that the amplification factor α can be specified as a function of the force reduction factor, the lateral uncoupled period, and the stiffness eccentricity. It is concluded that the coefficient δ depends on the lateral period, the stiffness eccentricity, and the geometrical eccentricity. It was observed that negative shears caused by torsion should be neglected in the design of the stiff element, particularly in the case of systems with large stiffness eccentricity. Results suggest that additional studies should be performed to verify the assumed (partial) equivalence between unidirectional (resisting elements and earthquake components along one direction only) and fully bidirectional analyses to study building torsion problems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Guidelines for trust interface design for public engagement Web GIS

Attesting to the powerful capabilities and in technology trends, many scholars envisioned the consolidation of geographic information systems (GIS) into vital tools for disseminating spatial information. GIS are presently used to inform, advise and instruct users in several contexts and to further engage citizens in decision-making processes that can impact and sustain policy development. Interaction with these applications incorporates risk and uncertainty, which have been repeatedly identified as preconditions in nurturing trust perceptions and which instigate a user's decision to rely on a system and act on the provided information. Research studies consistently demonstrated that a trust-oriented interface design can facilitate the development of more trustworthy, mainly e-commerce, systems. Trust in the Web GIS context, despite its significance, has only relatively recently received some attention. A set of human–computer interaction (HCI) user-based studies revealed some Web GIS trustee attributes that influence non-experts' trust beliefs and found that when these are problematic or absent from interface design, users form irrational trust perceptions, which amplifies the risk and may impose dangers to the user. These Web GIS trustee attributes that influence non-experts' trust perceptions are formulated here into a set of trust guidelines. These are then evaluated using the PE-Nuclear tool, a Web GIS application, to inform the public about the site selection of a nuclear waste repository in the United Kingdom. Our preliminary results indicate that the proposed trust guidelines not only support the development of rational trust perceptions that protect non-experts from inappropriate use of Web GIS technology but also contribute towards improving interaction with such applications of public interest issue.     

Bridge pier failure probabilities under combined hazard effects of scour, truck and earthquake. Part II: failure probabilities

In many regions of the world, a bridge will experience multiple extreme hazards during its expected service life. The current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications are formulated based on failure probabilities, which are fully calibrated for dead load and non-extreme live loads. Design against earthquake load effect is established separately. Design against scour effect is also formulated separately by using the concept of capacity reduction (or increased scour depth). Furthermore, scour effect cannot be linked directly to an LRFD limit state equation because the latter is formulated using force-based analysis. This paper (in two parts) presents a probability-based procedure to estimate the combined hazard effects on bridges due to truck, earthquake and scour, by treating the effect of scour as an equivalent load effect so that it can be included in reliability-based failure calculations. In Part I of this series, the general principle for treating the scour depth as an equivalent load effect is presented. In Part II, the corresponding bridge failure probability, the occurrence of scour as well as simultaneously having both truck load and equivalent scour load effect are quantitatively discussed. The key formulae of the conditional partial failure probabilities and the necessary conditions are established. In order to illustrate the methodology, an example of dead, truck, earthquake and scour effects on a simple bridge pile foundation is represented.     

滩浅海地震勘探采集技术应用

胜利油田滩浅海地区由于特殊的地表条件和复杂多变的表层结构，既不同于陆上勘探也不同于海上勘探，尤其在两栖地带存在海陆两种施工方式，如何在地震波激发和接收方面采取措施确保资料一致性，及优化观测系统设计以拼接好过渡带的地震资料是施工任务的关键.为此，依托中石化地震勘探重点基础研究实验室，在地震波的激发、接收和观测系统优化设计方面作了大量研究试验工作，形成了一套适用于滩浅海地区的地震勘探技术.通过冀东和垦东等地区应用联合表层调查和检波器精确定位等技术，有效地提高了地震资料的信噪比，改进了成像精度，取得了很好的地震勘探效果.     

特殊截面抗滑桩受力特征与土拱效应分析

对于传统矩形截面抗滑桩的受力而言,由于混凝土抗压不抗拉的力学性质,使截面受拉区的混凝土没有发挥出最大效用。通过对矩形截面形状的改变,即把受拉区面积减小和受压区面积增大,进一步利用了混凝土在截面中的抗压性能,使得抗滑桩截面的抗弯承载力和抗弯刚度都得到了提升,并通过计算,验证了此说法。截面形状的改变,也使得桩间土拱受力发生了改变,即从以前的一个土拱,变为了由一个主要拱和一个次要拱来共同承担,对桩间土拱效应有一定增强。通过对矩形截面和特殊截面抗滑桩的数值模拟对比分析,论证了桩间土拱效应在截面改变后得到增强的观点,也表明特殊截面抗滑桩降低了土体从桩间滑出的可能性,可为抗滑桩的传统设计提供理论参考。     

2008年以来地图学眼动与视觉认知研究新进展

地图是人类日常生活中不可或缺的工具。地图认知作为研究人对地图的感知、学习、记忆、推理和决策的科学,一直以来是地图学基础理论的重要内容。作为地图认知研究的核心,近年来地图视觉认知在相关学科（如心理学、认知科学和计算机视觉）和新的研究手段（如眼动跟踪、脑电和核磁）的促进下取得了一系列新的研究成果。尤其是眼动跟踪方法作为地图视觉认知研究的重要手段之一,越来越受到研究者的关注,为地图视觉认知研究的定量化、实用化提供了有力支撑。本文系统地梳理了2008年以来眼动跟踪方法在地图视觉认知研究中取得的新进展,并将其归纳为6个发展趋势,分别包括：① 刺激材料：从静态地图到动态交互地图;② 研究范围：从地图认知到地图空间认知;③ 实验环境：从实验室环境到真实环境;④ 地图维度：从二维地图到三维地图;⑤ 个体差异：从单一维度到多维度;⑥ 研究目的：从规律探究到实践应用。本文最后总结了未来研究面临的挑战、难点和可能的解决方法,期望能在地图视觉认知研究中起到抛砖引玉的作用。