DEM流径算法的相似性分析

流径算法是分布式水文模型、土壤侵蚀模拟等研究中的关键技术环节,决定着汇水面积、地形指数等许多重要的地形、水文参数的计算。本文以黄土高原两个典型样区的不同分辨率DEM为研究对象,对常用的五种流径算法(D8、Rho8、Dinf、MFD和DEMON)通过相对差系数、累积频率图、XY散点分布图等进行了定量的对比分析。结果表明:算法的差异主要集中在坡面区域,汇流区域各类算法的差别较小;算法差异在不同DEM尺度下都有所体现,但高分辨率下的差异会更明显;在地形复杂区域,多流向算法要优于单流向算法。研究也进一步指出汇水面积、地形指数等水文参数对流径算法具有强烈的依赖性。     

A new approach to assessing the water footprint of hydroelectric power based on allocation of water footprints among reservoir ecosystem services

Hydroelectric power is an important energy source to meet the growing demand for energy, and large amounts of water are consumed to generate this energy. Previous studies often assumed that the water footprint of hydroelectric power equaled the reservoir’s water footprint, but failed to allocate the reservoir water footprint among the many beneficiaries; dealing with this allocation remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a new approach to quantify the water footprint of hydroelectric power (WF_h) by separating it from the reservoir water footprint (WF) using an allocation coefficient (η_h) based on the ratio of the benefits from hydroelectric power to the total ecosystem service benefits. We used this approach in a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the world’s largest reservoir, which provides multiple ecosystem services. We found large differences between the WF_h and the water footprint of per unit of hydroelectric production (PWF_h) calculated using η_h and those calculated without this factor. From 2003 to 2012, η_h decreased sharply (from 0.76 in 2005 to 0.41 in 2012), which was due to the fact that large increases in the value of non-energy ecosystem services, and particularly flood control. In 2009, flood control replaced hydroelectricity as the largest ecosystem service of water from the Three Gorges Reservoir. Using our approach, WF_h and PWF_h averaged 331.0 × 10⁶ m³ and 1.5 m³ GJ⁻¹, respectively. However, these values would almost double without allocating water footprints among different reservoir ecosystem services. Thus, previous studies have overestimated the WF_h and PWF_h of reservoirs, especially for reservoirs that serve multiple purposes. Thus, the allocation coefficient should not be ignored when calculating the WF of a product or service.     

Polarimetric scattering model for estimation of above ground biomass of multilayer vegetation using ALOS-PALSAR quad-pol data

Forests are important biomes covering a major part of the vegetation on the Earth, and as such account for seventy percent of the carbon present in living beings. The value of a forest’s above ground biomass (AGB) is considered as an important parameter for the estimation of global carbon content. In the present study, the quad-pol ALOS-PALSAR data was used for the estimation of AGB for the Dudhwa National Park, India. For this purpose, polarimetric decomposition components and an Extended Water Cloud Model (EWCM) were used. The PolSAR data orientation angle shifts were compensated for before the polarimetric decomposition. The scattering components obtained from the polarimetric decomposition were used in the Water Cloud Model (WCM). The WCM was extended for higher order interactions like double bounce scattering. The parameters of the EWCM were retrieved using the field measurements and the decomposition components. Finally, the relationship between the estimated AGB and measured AGB was assessed. The coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.4341 and 119 t/ha respectively.     

Numerical investigation on the impact resistance of road barriers of Micropile-MSE Wall for subgrade

The Micropile-MSE Wall, specially designed for mountain roadways, is used to simultaneously increase the MSE wall’s local stability, global stability and impact resistance of road barriers. Model tests were conducted first to validate the viability of the Micropile-MSE Wall. The impact resistance of the road barrier is then studied numerically. The test results indicate that the surcharge-induced earth pressure, base pressure and lateral displacement of Micropile-MSE Wall panels are effectively reduced. The impact loading on the barriers of the Micropile-MSE Wall is actually supported by the whole retaining structure, which increases the impact resistance of the road barrier significantly.     

证据权模型与含矿网格单元蒙特卡洛法相结合的资源潜力评价新方法

本文提出了计算含矿单元数概率分布函数的新方法,在此基础上,把证据权模型矿产资源评价方法得到的含矿网格单元作为蒙特卡洛模型中的统计对象,得到了与证据权模型找矿法结合的含矿网格单元蒙特卡洛法矿产资源潜力评价方法。该方法可以把评价工作区的矿产空间分布信息、成矿模式和找矿模型、成矿-找矿空间信息引入蒙特卡洛方法中,无需估计矿床个数分布,减少了工作步骤和评价误差,可提高工作效率和自动化。对实际案例的应用表明该方法是可行的。     

陇中黄土高原LAS在非均匀下垫面的观测优势及其在区域陆面模式验证中的初步应用

目前通用的通量观测技术涡动相关仪（EC）在区域陆面模式验证中存在能量不闭合和空间代表性有限的问题,寻求改进EC观测热通量的新技术是提高陆面模式验证效果的关键环节,大孔径闪烁仪（LAS）的出现有效改善了这一现状。基于黄土高原定西站2010年1月和6月的同步综合观测资料以及目前比较有代表性的陆面过程模式CLM的模拟数据,分析研究了LAS对EC观测地表能量不平衡问题的改进以及LAS对EC在区域陆面模式验证中的提高,结果表明：LAS可有效解决EC观测存在的地表能量不平衡问题,提高EC的地表能量闭合度,在非均匀下垫面LAS观测优势突出;利用LAS观测的感热通量进行区域陆面模式的验证,能够很大程度地避免EC能量不闭合和空间尺度不匹配在验证中造成的偏差,LAS观测更适合于大尺度模拟的验证,验证效果更好。     

北京连续降水水汽输送差异的同位素示踪

为了探讨连续降水过程中水汽输送的变化,应用NCEP/NCAR资料、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及降水稳定同位素资料对北京22场连续降水的水汽输送差异进行了研究。结果表明:连续降水的水汽输送可分为西向水汽输送、远洋水汽输送、近海水汽输送、远源大陆水汽输送和局地大陆水汽输送5种类型,并以近海水汽输送和西向水汽输送为主（降水量占比60.8%）。不同水汽输送类型下降水δ18O的差异主要受水汽源区同位素富集程度及水汽输送途中降水过程的影响,降水氘盈余的变化反映出二次蒸发的影响及水汽源区大气相对湿度的差异。14场连续降水的水汽输送类型发生了变化,且降水δ18O值的变化能够较好地指示水汽输送类型的变化。该结果说明降水同位素特征能够为识别水汽输送类型提供有效信息。     

城市政府基础设施投资在住宅市场的资本化考察——基于广州价格数据的Hedonic模型构建

Hedonic价格模型在西方发达国家是分析住房市场的常用工具,具有较高的针对性和实时性,并且是衡量外部性的定量科学方法。通过2005年、2006年和2007年三个独立的时间截面数据,建立广州住宅市场的Hedonic模型,揭示了广州居民住宅偏好随时间变化的方向和程度及发生变化的原因,并重点衡量了城市政府的基础设施投资在住宅市场中的资本化程度。结果显示广州居民对于中心区位、良好的交通通达性、大规模的小区和水景景观具有持续上升的偏好,而对于城市政府来说,在地铁建设、景观改造、教育质量提升等方面的长期性公共投资,反映在住宅市场中,即是对此不断增长的住房偏好,并通过模型也对这种投资效用的程度进行了较准确的定量测算。     

基于家庭的购物行为时、空间 决策模型及其应用

基于家庭的购物行为决策的概念模型,利用2007年北京市活动日志调查的第一手数据,建立购物出发时间决策和购物目的地决策的条件Logit模型,并探讨其在相关政策评估和预测上的应用。结果发现:家庭内部相互作用和决策层面要素对购物时、空间决策的影响比较显著;早晚高峰出行的人群具有不同的社会经济属性和购物行为属性;居民休息日的购物活动集中在离家6km以内或者高密度的商业中心;影响购物目的地选择的因素更多是购物地距离,而非商业密度。通过模拟发现,土地混合利用的政策可能会增加高峰期的交通拥挤程度,而商业设施分散布局可能更有利于城市交通状况的改善和居民日常生活质量的提升。