贵州省石炭纪早期古土壤的发现及其意义

古土壤蕴涵着古老时期的大气氧、二氧化碳以及生态植被的演化信息 ,利用有效的手段提取这些信息并据此推测古气候环境。在贵州省的遵义苟江、道真县、正安县等地发现了保存完好的石炭纪早期的古土壤剖面 ,为恢复该地质时期云贵高原的大气氧演化、二氧化碳浓度与生态植被提供了天然的现场条件。     

河南荥阳孤柏嘴黄土剖面磁性地层学初步研究

河南荥阳孤柏嘴黄土剖面古地磁研究表明 B/ M界线位于 S8上部 (剖面 1 1 9.4 m处 ) ,80多米厚的马兰黄土中发现 4层弱发育的古土壤。古地磁研究结果为邙山黄土地层的划分提供了重要的时间控制 ,为南水北调中线工程穿黄工程的设计提供了重要的基础 ,并且表明该剖面在提取黄土沉积所记录的高分辨率的过去全球变化信息的研究中具有重要意义     

淮安芒硝资源开发现状与发展对策

淮安芒硝资料的开发利用已使基我国东部新崛起的开采与加工基地，但问题也随之逐渐显现出来，主要是缺乏通盘规划、盲目扩大生产规模、污染环境以及勘查和基础设施跟不上等。就以上问题，作者对淮安芒硝开发提出了相应的对策与建议。     

研讨在中国地区用数字化台网记录做地震波断面成像的问题

中国地区已建立50个宽频带数字化地震台网，在地震活动性较高的地区，或在经济发达的地区，还建有北京、上海、山西、兰州等20组区域性数字化地震台网；和青藏高原（兰州）、上海和海拉尔三个数字化台阵，也能记录到清楚的震相和相应的波列；本文辑录了有可能利用中国地区丰富的数字化地震台网记录，来探讨研究地壳和上地幔震波速度结构的三维分布和品质因数Q值三维分布的有关信息和计算机法实现途径；可将地震台记录的地位移谱和速度谱，经过地球介质的吸收衰减校正，换算为震源面上的震级谱，以便帮助判别系列类型（孤立型，主震余震型，主震余震型，前震－主震－余震型或震群型）。希图引起国内外有关专家，包括海外人学者的关注，参与这方面的研讨，以促进充分利用中国地区丰富的数字化地震台网记录，进行三维速度结构成像的研究，进行地壳和上地幔震波衰减－品质因数Q值三维分布的探测研究，为地震预报研究服务，为减轻灾害服务。2001年8月日本爱媛大学地球动力学研究中心赵大鹏教授在北京大学“地球科学报告会”上报告了他的地震断面成像方法新方法。赵教授方法的最大特点是，对于处理复杂形状的地震速度断面具有突出的优点，已广泛地于许多国家和各种大地构造环境，是当前世界上最流行的地震断面成像方法，由于中国地区莫霍面的深度变化秀大，从东部大陆架的30km变到西藏高原的70km。他的程序已开始在中国地震局地球物理研究所，地质研究所和分析预报中心，以及中国科技大学研究生院的有关课题组应用，这是一种处理复杂界的三维地震成像方法，是最新的技术，有助于综合利用地方性，区域性台网和远震台震相记录为在中国地区了解地壳和上地幔三维结构和地震构造方面将取得巨大的进展，有助于揭示非均匀地壳结构和地震及火山活动的关系，但是在使用他的成像方法和程序时，必须遵守他的几条规则。本刊1996年第5卷4期发表在英国工作的毛伟健博士的“多波型射线跟踪断面成像方法”。讨论了在复杂2－D和3－D非均匀介质中地震射线跟踪方法。提出了一个改进的立方B－样条方法用于对不连续面的模拟，这个模型参数方案表达嵌入不连续界面的连续变化的真实地质构造，很多地震波类型，如透射、反射、折射、转换，衍射和回转波对复杂的地质模型是需要涉及的。在选择各种类型波的射线时，通过迭代求解线性方程的方法。来产生震源和接收器之间的实际射路径，并把各种波型的射线跟踪过程和在源和接收器配对之间的多次波型统一起来，通过现存的解析公式也可以估算出射线的振幅。这个方法可实际用于多震相的层析成像和三维射线跟踪的地震模拟。关于成像的细节，可参阅该作者在1996－1997年“Geophysics”杂志的相应文章，也可供有关研究人员选用。     

从地壳运动角度分析大陆强震机理的一种物理方法

为了从地壳运动角度利用重复大地测量数据分析大陆强震机理,提出了利用反映地壳内部密度变化或时变的物理量来分析强震发生的密度变化机理的一种物理方法(1)介绍了地球内部密度时变的一般理论和单层密度时变理论,提出了分步迭代算法;(2)简要分析了断层位错引起的单层密度变化效应;(3)分析了1996年丽江7级地震前震区南部地壳密度时变(变化)的特征;(4)初步探讨了强震孕育过程中可能的地壳内部密度时变(变化)前兆模式或发震机制.     

我国西部大开发中的资源观问题

该文指出我国西部具有明显的资源优势 ,资源是西部大开发的核心。应在保护中开发 ,在开发中保护 ,资源开发与环境保护并不总是对立的 ,发展才是硬道理 ,知识经济在我国初见端倪 ,2 1世纪初自然资源仍然是支撑我国经济增长的基础 ,阐明新老资源观是连续的 ,并不是对立的观点。     

Simulating Icelandic vegetation cover during the Holocene Implications for long-term land degradation

We have simulated the spatial relationship between temperature change and long-term potential vegetation cover dynamics. The results show that the potential vegetation and birch forest range is highly sensitive to the temperature conditions. Around 3000 BP the simulated potential vegetation cover began to decrease and at the time of the Viking settlement, in AD 874 (1076 BP ), vegetation and forest cover was already in decline. The climate driven decline continued to an unprecedented low potential for vegetation for the Holocene that lasted c. 600 years, i.e. between AD c . 1300 and 1900. These interpretations are further supported by geomorphological and pollen data.     

Geomorphological observations and related natural hazards using merged remotely sensed data: a case study in the Corinthos area (NE Peloponnese, S. Greece)

Natural hazards are mostly related to the activation of combined geomorphological and geological processes that control landform development. The study area is located in the NE part of Peloponnese (Corinthos prefecture). It is a typical agricultural area with intense relief, the result of active tectonics and important human intervention. This study demonstrates the benefits from the synergism of SAR data (ERS-2) and optical data (SPOT2-XS) in order to highlight the possible natural-hazardprone areas. These data give different and complementary information since the radar signal depends mostly on topography, surface roughness and soil moisture, whereas the visible/infrared channels provide spectral information mostly on vegetation and land use/cover. The application presented here was focused on the enhancement of the high erosion risk areas, the improvement of the terrain interpretation, the mapping and highlighting of the landform morphology, and a more accurate determination of the main factors that control the flooding risk of Corinthos town.     

The trophic ecology of arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Ellidavatn, a small lake in Southwest Iceland

In the lake Ellidavatn, southwest Iceland, fish samples were collected with gillnets of one mesh-size once or twice a month for two years. Stomach samples of 961 Arctic char and 429 brown trout were analysed. The annual diet of char consisted of chironomid larvae (31%), cladocerans Eurycercus lamellatus (19%), bivalves Pisidium spp. (16%), water snails Lymnaea peregra (15%), chironomid pupae (8%) and char eggs (5%) and that of trout consisted of sticklebacks (76%), salmonids (7%) and L. peregra (6%). The average percentage of indigestible plant remains and gravel in the stomach content was much higher for the char (14%) than trout (3%). There were large seasonal changes in the diet of char: char eggs were consumed in autumn, chironomid larvae mostly from autumn to spring, chironomid pupae in summer and E. lamellatus from summer to autumn. No seasonal changes in the diet of trout were seen. The diet overlap of char and trout was very low, usually about 10%, reaching a maximum of about 30% in late summer 1976 when the common diet was mainly E. lamellatus and chironomid pupae. The resource partitioning in Ellidavatn indicates that char are better adapted to preying on small benthic invertebrates than piscivorous trout. The segregation in the diet of the two species indicated competition for restricted food supply, which was also consistent with slow growth and low condition factor of char (0.8–1.0) and trout (1.0) in Ellidavatn. The prey of trout were two orders of magnitude larger than the prey of char which may explain why adult char grew more slowly (2 cm y⁻¹) than adult trout (4 cm y⁻¹) and reached sexual maturity at a smaller size (30 cm) than trout (40 cm).     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991*

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and the mechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined within the tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat and the water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and the feedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.