Quaternary landscape evolution and erosion rates for an intramontane Neogene basin (Guadix–Baza basin, SE Spain)

The landscape evolution in Neogene intramontane basins is a result of the interaction of climatic, lithologic, and tectonic factors. When sedimentation ceases and a basin enters an erosional stage, estimating erosion rates across the entire basin can offer a good view of landscape evolution. In this work, the erosion rates in the Guadix–Baza basin have been calculated based on a volumetric estimate of sediment loss by river erosion since the Late Pleistocene. To do so, the distribution of a glacis surface at ca. 43 kyr, characterised by a calcrete layer that caps the basin infilling, has been reconstructed. To support this age, new radiometric data of the glacis are presented. The volume of sediment loss by water erosion has been calculated for the entire basin by comparing the reconstructed geomorphic surface and the present-day topography. The resulting erosion rates vary between 4.28 and 6.57 m³ ha^− 1 yr^− 1, and are the consequence of the interaction of climatic, lithologic, topographic, and tectonic factors. Individual erosion rates for the Guadix and Baza sub-basins (11.80 m³ ha^− 1 yr^− 1 and 1.77 m³ ha^− 1 yr^− 1 respectively) suggest different stages of drainage pattern evolution in the two sub-basins. We attribute the lower values obtained in the Baza sub-basin to the down-throw of this sub-basin caused by very recent activity along the Baza fault.     

浙江方岩丹霞地貌发育的年代、成因与特色研究

方岩丹霞地貌在大地构造上隶属于华南褶皱系构造单元,该单元在燕山运动时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲入欧亚板块之下,促使大陆边缘地壳重新活动.晚侏罗世末至早白垩世,本区构造应力场由晚侏罗世的北西-南东向挤压,转为早白垩世的北东-南西向挤压和北西-南东向的拉张,发育了永康早白垩世断坳盆地,在盆地中沉积了下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)地层.中生代晚期永康盆地逐渐隆升,结束了红层沉积,遭受侵蚀,方岩地区丹霞地貌密集围谷、密集方山和廊穴等青年期的地貌特点表明该区大规模的抬升发生在较近的地质年代.     

江西信江盆地红层及其地貌发育研究

江西信江盆地丹霞地貌的成景地层为晚白垩系陆相红色碎屑岩,红层的厚度、岩石学和地球化学特征及其在盆地内出露制约着丹霞地貌的发育、景观类型及其组合以及在盆地内的分布。信江盆地边缘主要出露茅店组、河口组和莲荷组巨厚层砾岩、含砾砂岩和砂岩,以铁质胶结和少量钙质胶结为主,可溶性成分含量低,这些红层以发育高大的顶斜型峰林型、峰丛型丹霞地貌组合为特征。盆地中部的河口组上部和塘边组地层含砾砂岩和砂岩为主,以钙质胶结为主,可溶性成分含量较低,常发育低矮的圆丘状丹霞地貌组合为特征,大型岩洞是其典型的景观类型。过渡地带主要为河口组上部、塘边组和莲荷组下部的砂岩、含砾砂岩,丹霞地貌只发育于断层或河流发育地区,以顶平型丹霞地貌组合为特征。以钙泥质胶结为主,可溶性成分含量高的细碎屑岩中一般不发育丹霞地貌。     

龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞景观特征及其科学价值

江西龙虎山世界地质公园是一个集地质、地貌、人文、自然生态景观为一体的综合性地质公园,其中以丹霞地貌景观最具特色。它是国内发育老年早期丹霞地貌的典型地区之一,以孤峰、峰林、残丘等丹霞地貌景观为特色。公园内拥有丹霞地貌景观、丹霞水体景观、丹霞生态景观和丹霞文化景观等4大丹霞类型。地质公园的地质遗迹记录了中生代以来地球历史的丰富信息和演化过程,展示了世界上一些重要地质事件的突出证据;孕育了分布最密集、造型最精美的造型石;是世界上极具濒危的中华秋沙鸭最大群体的越冬地;古崖墓文化、道教文化、佛教文化等历史人文遗迹以其独特的方式融汇在具有突出价值的自然美之中,构成了人与自然和谐共处的最富特色的例证。这些具有国际意义的自然现象、自然演化过程和杰出的天然美景集中展示于公园,具有不可替代的美学价值、科学价值和重要的保护意义。     

Applying Neural Network Classification to Obtain Mangrove Landscape Characteristics for Monitoring the Travel Environment Quality on the Beihai Coast of Guangxi,P. R. China

The spectral characteristics of mangroves on the Beihai Coast of Guangxi, P. R. China are acquired on the basis of spectral data from field measurements. Following this, the 3‐layer reverse‐conversing neural networks (NN) classification technology is used to analyze the Landsat TM5 image obtained on January 8, 2003. It is detailed enough to facilitate the introduction of the algorithm principle and trains project of the neural network. Neural network algorithms have characteristics including large‐scale data handling and distributing information storage. This research firstly analyzes the necessity and complexity of this translation system, and then introduces the strong points of the neural network. Processing mangrove landscape characteristics by using neural network is an important innovation, with great theoretical and practical significance. This kind of neural network can greatly improve the classification accuracy. The spatial resolution of Landsat TM5 is high enough to facilitate the research, and the false color composite from 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐bands has a clear boundary and provides a significant quantity of information and effective images. On the basis of a field survey, the exported layers are defined as mangrove, vegetation, bare land, wetlands and shrimp pool. TM satellite images are applied to false color composites by using 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐bands, and then a supervised classification model is used to classify the image. The processing method of hyper‐spectrum remote sensing allows the spectral characteristics of the mangrove to be determined, and integrates the result with the NN classification for the false color composite by using 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐bands. The network model consists of three layers, i. e., the input layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer. The input layer number of classification is defined as 3, and the hidden layers are defined as 5 according to the function operation. The control threshold is 0.9. The training ratio is 0.2. The maximum permit error is 0.08. The classification precision reaches 86.86%. This is higher than the precision of maximal parallel classification (50.79%) and the spectrum angle classification (75.39%). The results include the uniformity ratio (1.7789), the assembly ratio (0.6854), the dominance ratio (–1.5850), and the fragmentation ratio (0.0325).     

剑门关丹霞地貌晚侏罗—早白垩系沉积相的马尔科夫链特征

丹霞地貌是我国五大地貌之一,具有极大的科研和观赏价值。剑门关丹霞地貌具有年代新、类型多、分布较集中等特点,主要形成于侏罗—白垩纪,沉积岩层自下而上包括上侏罗统的遂宁组、莲花口组和下白垩统的剑门关组。根据沉积序列与旋回研究,将剑门关丹霞地貌沉积相划分为山麓-洪积扇、河流、湖泊、三角洲沉积相,运用马尔科夫链法建立丹霞地貌的沉积相序,形成沉积相模式,对研究剑门关丹霞地貌的古地理和古环境具有重要意义。     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

通过分析中国丹霞地貌的空间分布格局,把我国丹霞地貌划分东南、西南和西北三大集中分布区。主要研究了三大丹霞地貌集中分布区的景观异质性。东南区 (包括浙、闽、赣、粤、湘、桂等省区) 多发育临溪丹霞峰林、丹霞赤壁、一线天、天生桥等景观;西南区 (云贵高原与四川盆地过渡带) 以赤壁与急流瀑布相伴为主要景观特色;西北区 (包括陇山周围、河湟谷地) 则呈现出特有的干旱区丹霞地貌景观,区内由于自然条件的复杂性,如小气候及流水作用,黄土盖层成分及其存在与否的差异性,区内景观异质性显著。从三区的构造运动上升速度、降水强度、植被等生物作用、河川过程以及黄土作用等地质地理、气候条件、生物、理化等内外动力作用,分析了形成这种景观差异性的原因、形成机理和过程。     

Pattern and rate of erosion inferred from Inca agricultural terraces in arid southern Peru

Earthworks of assumed age and their initial and current morphologies provide an ideal basis for developing and testing models for long-term landform erosion. Inca agricultural terraces abandoned at  1532 A.D in the drylands of southern Peru may be used to document morphological changes since the abandonment. The objective of this research is to determine the erosion pattern and process to estimate the erosion rate.The development of rills and channels on the Inca agricultural terraces is evidence for erosion by wash processes on slopes where the anchoring effect of vegetation is absent and loose material is available for removal. The pattern and amount of erosion from 1532–2005 A.D. is estimated by comparing elevation models of the observed morphology and reconstructed models of the original morphology of the Inca terraces. The results show that in areas of sediment accumulation surface elevation increased up to 0.5 m. Elevation lowering on the terrace treads was 0.7 m at maximum, and a temporally and spatially averaged lowering rate was 0.094 mm yr^− 1. This gives insights about how the rate of erosion occurs on currently disturbed lands in arid environments where soil resources are scarce and lands are prone to desertification.     

柴达木盆地荒漠绿洲景观格局定量分析

以柴达木盆地土地利用观状图为基本图件,在CIS支持下编制了柴达木盆地土地利用景观图。在此基础上选取多种景观指数,即选取斑块大小、斑块数、聚集度、相似邻接百分比、景观优势度指数、面积加权的平均斑块分形指数、散布与并列指数、香农多样性指数和香农均度指数等主要景观格局指数,定量地分析柴达木盆地荒漠绿洲景观格局特征。结果表明：柴达木盆地景观的主要斑块类型为未利用土地和草地,二者面积之和占全区的95％左右;绿洲景观以耕地、园地、林地以及城镇工矿用地等形式镶嵌在景观中,它们由于受到绿洲内人类活动的强烈影响,分形指数大,破碎度高;园地、水域与沼泽、林地和耕地的分布均比较分散,与其它类型相互混杂分布,说明绿洲内部缺乏高度连接的景观,生态系统脆弱;总体上看,柴达木盆地的景观比较单调,多样性指数较小,破碎化程度较低,景观异质性不高。