Comparative tempo‐spatial pattern analysis: CTSPA

A new method is illustrated for describing the characteristics of urban pattern changes over different time periods. This method employs vector geometry, paired centroids, shared boundary lines, and overlain polygons. Three new statistics are proposed for characterizing local polygon feature changes in quantity, shape, and size. These statistics are standardized, based on conventional theories from urban geography such as directional concentric zones and user‐designated corridors to document both regional and global patterns of land‐use change. This method is used to analyse land‐use changes in metropolitan Detroit between 1990 and 2000. The Detroit case study indicates that the CTSPA statistics are effective in describing urban spatial pattern changes and in characterizing the evolution of discrete urban landscapes over selected periods.     

Landscape persistence and stakeholder perspectives: The case of Romania's Carpathians

The traditional use of land for food, fuel and wood created cultural landscapes, which are threatened across Europe. The factors which contributed to their endangerment need to be identified to achieve effective preservation of such landscapes. The aim of our study was to identify landscapes with historical persistence in a GIS-based comparative analysis of historical and contemporary maps and the most prominent causes of the past landscape changes, based on stakeholders' perspective. We considered a case study in Romania's Carpathians. Three major land cover types were extracted from maps dating from 1912, 1980 and 2009: built-up, pastures and forests. The historical persistence of all land cover types was poor (<20%) and profound changes were quantitatively confirmed. Large, compact patches of unchanged forests were located in the neighbourhood of a national park. The persistent pastures were situated close to human settlements, and their preservation can be related to local traditional agro-silvo-pastoral management. Although the built-up area has increased over time, the corresponding surfaces are small and consist of scattered patches located around historical monuments. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate stakeholders' perspective. Using cluster analysis five prominent causes of past landscape changes are identified: 'increasing tourism', 'land tenure and social changes', 'land-use intensification', 'post-communist transition', and 'foreign investments'. We join the results of the GIS analysis with those from stakeholders' perspective to gain more insights into the landscape changes. This research offers important information that could be used for the further planning of these valuable cultural landscapes in order to avoid potential conflicts and degradation.     

Measuring and monitoring linear woody features in agricultural landscapes through earth observation data as an indicator of habitat availability

The loss of natural habitats and the loss of biological diversity is a global problem affecting all ecosystems including agricultural landscapes. Indicators of biodiversity can provide standardized measures that make it easier to compare and communicate changes to an ecosystem. In agricultural landscapes the amount and variety of available habitat is directly correlated with biodiversity levels. Linear woody features (LWF), including hedgerows, windbreaks, shelterbelts as well as woody shrubs along fields, roads and watercourses, play a vital role in supporting biodiversity as well as serving a wide variety of other purposes in the ecosystem. Earth observation can be used to quantify and monitor LWF across the landscape. While individual features can be manually mapped, this research focused on the development of methods using line intersect sampling (LIS) for estimating LWF as an indicator of habitat availability in agricultural landscapes. The methods are accurate, efficient, repeatable and provide robust results. Methods were tested over 9.5 Mha of agricultural landscape in the Canadian Mixedwood Plains ecozone. Approximately 97,000 km of LWF were estimated across this landscape with results useable both at a regional reporting scale, as well as mapped across space for use in wildlife habitat modelling or other landscape management research. The LIS approach developed here could be employed at a variety of scales in particular for large regions and could be adapted for use as a national scale indicator of habitat availability in heavily disturbed agricultural landscape.     

基于IMAGIS二维矢量数据的城市三维景观构建方法

研究了二维矢量数据在IMAGIS环境下,没有建模区DEM数据,利用等高线半自动赋值重新生成DEM和用等高线给山体建模构建城市三维景观的特殊方法。     

Military pollution and natural purity: seeing nature and knowing contamination in Vieques, Puerto Rico

Military activities have produced contaminated environments at many sites around the world. This contamination and the associated health risks play a large role in how these places can be redeveloped after military use. In this essay we focus on the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico which was used as a bombing range by the US military for six decades until 2003. We examine the ways different groups of people perceive this formerly militarized landscape and the ways that these perceptions legitimatize certain redevelopment options over others. Through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and an analysis of textual materials we found that many local residents view the island as suffering from severe contamination while the large number of visitors, tourism promoters and North Americans now flocking to the post-militarized Vieques view it quite differently. These perceptions of purity and contamination, affected by different knowledges of the island’s history, have led to differing valuation of the landscape and contentious economic, political, and cultural battles over an island often labeled “natural” despite a history of military use and social exclusion.

甘肃省漳县韩家沟一带地质遗迹景观特征及价值评价

甘肃省漳县韩家沟一带以丹霞地貌景观为代表的地质遗迹资源特征典型,类型丰富,极具地区代表性。本文在野外调查和地质遗迹特征分析的基础上将韩家沟一带主要地质遗迹划分为1大类、2类、3亚类,共计43处,并以此为基础对地质遗迹的价值进行了定性评价和定量评价,定性评价从地质遗迹的科学性、稀有性、完整性、观赏性、保存程度和可保护性等方面进行了分析;定量评价采用层次分析法按地质遗迹资源的条件指标和价值指标两个方面进行评价,通过加权处理, 计算出主要地质遗迹的综合得分,确定地质遗迹的等级,共评价出国家级地质遗迹2处,省级地质遗迹41处。     

江西丹霞地貌演化阶段与分布及其构造控制探讨

晚白垩世至古近纪期间,江西省内沿区域性断裂构造发育30余个断陷盆地,沉积了巨厚的红色陆相碎屑岩,为丹霞地貌的形成提供了物质基础。已发现的228处丹霞地貌点主要分布于江西东部武夷山北麓和西麓的红层盆地内。利用面积—高程积分法,对江西省9个盆地的丹霞地貌演化阶段进行了定量分析,结果表明省内丹霞地貌景区的面积—高程HI为0.17~0.52,平均为0.38,即其演化阶段处于壮年晚期至老年早期,在空间分布上具有由南向北,由壮年期转为老年期的趋势。该趋势可能与武夷山的构造隆升有关。构造分析显示,节理与武夷山的隆升对江西丹霞地貌演化起控制作用,具体表现为：① 龙虎山、九仙湖、仙岩、蛤蟆坞、赭亭山、龟峰等地发育的崖壁、一线天、巷谷、石墙、石寨、峰丛、峰林等丹霞典型景观均与节理有关。② 流水侵蚀等外营力的作用对丹霞地貌的剥露、削平起重要作用,统计表明距离武夷山越近,丹霞地貌山峰越密集、崖壁越陡峻,指示武夷山的隆升与丹霞地貌的发育有直接关系。总体来看,江西省内的红层为丹霞地貌的发育提供了物质基础,武夷山的隆升控制了丹霞地貌的分布。值得注意的是,丹霞地貌区的节理构造是否与武夷山的隆升存在直接因果关系还需进一步研究。     

中国西北地区丹霞地貌景观特征、空间分布及保护利用初探

笔者等选取中国西北地区90处重点丹霞地貌（广义）地质遗迹为研究对象,对选取的遗迹进行景观特征分析,并采用Arc GIS进一步探讨其空间分布特征。我国西北地区丹霞地貌(广义）的整体空间分布,呈西北—东南方向“L形”分布,笔者等运用最邻近指数法和核密度分析法,得出其空间结构类型为集聚型,并形成5个高密度区。目前,研究区存在保护利用家底不清、顶层设计匮乏等问题,未来应通过建立丹霞地貌脆弱性评价和措施体系,推进世界丹霞地质遗迹品牌和IP建设等途径,探讨西北地区丹霞地貌（广义）保护利用的具体方式。     

中国西北地区丹霞地貌景观特征、空间分布及保护利用初探

本文选取中国西北地区90处重点丹霞地貌（广义）地质遗迹为研究对象,对选取的遗迹进行景观特征分析,并采用Arc GIS进一步探讨其空间分布特征。我国西北地区丹霞地貌的整体空间分布,呈西北—东南方向“L形”分布,本文运用最邻近指数法和核密度分析法,得出其空间结构类型为集聚型,并形成5个高密度区。目前,研究区存在保护利用家底不清、顶层设计匮乏等问题,未来应通过建立丹霞地貌脆弱性评价和措施体系,推进世界丹霞地质遗迹品牌和IP建设等途径,探讨西北地区丹霞地貌（广义）保护利用的具体方式。