山峰加热效应的数值试验研究

已有的资料分析和理论研究表明,山峰加热效应是形成冬季兰州市白天脱地逆温的主要原因。本文利用中尺度数值模式MM5,从数值试验角度研究了兰州市白天温度场和环流场的结构特征。模拟结果表明:冬季,白天日出后的皋兰山峰相对于周围空气是一个热源,在环流场的配合下,皋兰山峰的暖空气向市区上空输送,与河谷温度较低的冷空气形成了白天的脱地逆温;理想"削山"试验的结果表明,山峰海拔越高的山体,加热效应越明显,山谷城市的大气逆温强度和稳定度随着山峰海拔高度的降低而减小。数值试验结果进一步验证和补充了观测和理论分析的结论。     

大别山区生姜栽培中气象问题与高产对策

针对生姜生产对气象环境的要求,分析了大别山区岳西县适宜生姜生长的有利气象条件,即充足的热量、水分资源和较长的生长期。主要农业气象灾害是播种期低温连阴雨、幼苗期的高温强光照、旺盛生长期的伏秋旱和生长后期的早霜冻。结合2006—2007年气象科技扶贫试验,提出了高产栽培对策,以期为当地姜农提高生姜产量和产值提供理论依据。     

层次分析法支持下的道路洪涝灾害风险评价——以武夷山地区为例

本文首先采用基于多准则决策的层次分析评价法,根据自然灾害风险理论,将洪涝风险影响因子分为危险性和脆弱性两类,子准则层包括平均降雨量、汇流累积量、坡度、海拔和土地覆盖度、道路级别、地表产流能力7个因子,构建了道路洪涝灾害风险评价模型。然后以福建省武夷山地区为研究区,利用地形数据、气象数据及遥感影像提取土地覆盖类型数据,通过道路洪涝灾害风险评价模型,绘制了道路风险分区图。结果表明,中、高风险积水道路占比较高,主要集中在东部、西部和中南部地区。本文对道路洪涝灾害风险所进行的评价,可服务于洪涝灾害风险预警和应急救援规划。     

北京山区植被覆被率遥感制图与景观格局分析——以门头沟区为例

准确、快速地获取植被覆盖状况信息是北山区生态恢复和建设的关键与重点.本文在FCD Mapping model的原理和方法基础上,利用TM图像对北京门头沟区植被覆被率展开调查和制图应用研究,并利用FRAGSTATS软件对所得的植被覆盖等级图从斑块大小、斑块数、斑块密度、斑块平均面积、分形维数和聚集度等角度进行了空间格局的剖析.     

地形起伏地区的遥感影像预处理研究

在地形起伏地区,遥感影像预处理主要是消除由于地形起伏造成的投影误差和不同坡向的辐射误差。本文介绍了基于GIS技术对遥感影像进行预处理的方法,处理中以遥感影像的像元(pixel)作为基本单位,首先确定遥感影像与相应的实际地面在地理位置上的对应关系,然后将影像成像时的自然光以像元为单位按照不同的光学特性分解成太阳直射光、天空散射光等分量,根据它们各自不同的特性统一将其转换并合成垂直于水平面的光照,从而使得光照条件不同的自然光转换成光照条件相同的“人工光”,最后计算在此相同的光照条件下的各像元的遥感值,从而提高遥感影像的质量。     

Soil erosion modelled with USLE and PESERA using QuickBird derived vegetation parameters in an alpine catchment

The focus of soil erosion research in the Alps has been in two categories: (i) on-site measurements, which are rather small scale point measurements on selected plots often constrained to irrigation experiments or (ii) off-site quantification of sediment delivery at the outlet of the catchment. Results of both categories pointed towards the importance of an intact vegetation cover to prevent soil loss. With the recent availability of high-resolution satellites such as IKONOS and QuickBird options for detecting and monitoring vegetation parameters in heterogeneous terrain have increased. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of QuickBird derived vegetation parameters in soil erosion models for alpine sites by comparison to Cesium-137 (Cs-137) derived soil erosion estimates. The study site (67 km²) is located in the Central Swiss Alps (Urseren Valley) and is characterised by scarce forest cover and strong anthropogenic influences due to grassland farming for centuries. A fractional vegetation cover (FVC) map for grassland and detailed land-cover maps are available from linear spectral unmixing and supervised classification of QuickBird imagery. The maps were introduced to the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA) model as well as to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Regarding the latter model, the FVC was indirectly incorporated by adapting the C factor. Both models show an increase in absolute soil erosion values when FVC is considered. In contrast to USLE and the Cs-137 soil erosion rates, PESERA estimates are low. For the USLE model also the spatial patterns improved and showed “hotspots” of high erosion of up to 16 t ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. In conclusion field measurements of Cs-137 confirmed the improvement of soil erosion estimates using the satellite-derived vegetation data.     

蒙古中南部地区的上地幔P波速度结构

利用中蒙国际科技合作专项项目在蒙古中南部地区布设的69个宽频带地震仪在2011年8月—2013年7月所记录的远震波形数据,采用波形相关方法在0.02~0.1 Hz的频段内拾取了18551个有效的P震相相对走时残差数据,进一步采用有限频走时层析成像的方法,反演获取了蒙古中南部下方深达800 km的P波速度结构.结果显示：肯特山下方的低速异常极有可能是推测中的肯特山地幔柱的反映;呼斯坦瑙鲁和曼达尔戈壁西边的低速异常可能与杭爱山高原下的地幔柱或地幔对流有关联;戈壁滩的低速异常带可能和达里甘嘎火山有相同的热来源,可能是该区火成岩存在的深部原因,也可能是戈壁滩及其周边地区地幔柱或下地幔热物质上涌的表现.     

中强地震随机有限断层模型应力降参数的确定方法

随机有限断层模型是模拟地震动加速度时程的一个重要工具.但将其应用于中强地震时,由于震源信息的准确性较差从而使模型参数具有较大的不确定性.尤其针对其中最为关键的应力降参数,目前相关研究较为缺乏且尚未形成系统的确定方法.本文基于美国Little Skull Mountain Mw5.6级地震2个近场台站记录的地震动模拟,详细研究了采用随机有限断层法拟合中强地震地震动伪加速度反应谱（PSA）来确定应力降参数值的方法,并在计算应力降时引入了其它震源参数的不确定性,随后对此方法的可行性进行了验证.研究表明：采用不同频段反应谱残差和计算得到的应力降值差别较大,确定中强地震应力降较为合适的反应谱频段是中高频,采用该频段确定的应力降参数值模拟的反应谱和峰值加速度与实际记录较为符合;脉冲子断层百分比、断层长宽、倾角和深度等震源参数按截断的正态分布或均匀分布随机抽样,拟合得到的应力降参数值与通过实际震源模型参数得到的值相近.以上研究结果对确定一个区域中强地震应力降或中强地震近场强震动模拟研究提供了更进一步的研究方法和研究方向.     

Influence of the Kunlun Mountain Ms8.1 Earthquake on Horizontal Crustal Deformation in the Sichuan and Yunnan Area

In order to track the space-time variation of regional strain field holistically(in a large scale) and to describe the regional movement field more objectively,the paper uses a nonlinear continuous strain model focused on extracting medium-low frequency strain information on the basis of a region with no rotation.According to the repeated measurements(1999～2001～2004) from GPS monitoring stations in the Sichuan and Yunnan area obtained by the Project of "China Crust Movement Measuring Network",and with the movement of 1999～2001(stage deformation background) as the basic reference,we separated the main influencing factors of the Kunlun Mountain M-S8.1 earthquake in 2001 from the data of 2001 and 2004,and the results indicate:(1) the Kunlun Mountain M-S8.1 earthquake has a discriminating effect on the Sichuan and Yunnan area,moreover,the deformation mode and background had not only certain similitude but also some diversity;(2) The movement field before the earthquake was very ordinal,while after the earthquake,order and disorder existed simultaneously in the displacement field;The displacement quantities of GPS monitoring stations were generally several millimeters;(3) The principal strain field before earthquake was basically tensile in an approximate EW direction and compressive in the SN direction,and tension was predominant.After the earthquake,the principal strain field in the Sichuan area was compressive in the EW direction and tensile in the SN direction,and the compression was predominant.In the Yunnan area,it was tensional in the NE direction and compressive in the NW direction,and tension was predominant;(4) The surficial strain before the earthquake was dominated by superficial expansion,the contractive area being located basically in the east boundary of Sichuan and Yunnan block and its neighborhood.After the earthquake,the Sichuan area was surface contractive(the further north,the greater it was),and south of it was an area of superficial expansion.Generally speaking,the Kunlun Mountain M-S8.1 earthquake played an active role in the accumulation of energy in the Sichuan and Yunnan area.Special attention shall be focused on the segment of Xichang-Dongchuan and its neighborhood.