Recent improvements to the physical model of the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Operational Oceano-graphy Forecasting System

In order to satisfy the increasing demand for the marine forecasting capacity, the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Operational Oceanography Forecasting System (BYEOFS) has been upgraded and improved to Version 2.0. Based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), a series of comparative experiments were conducted during the improvement process, including correcting topography, changing sea surface atmospheric forcing mode, adjusting open boundary conditions, and considering atmospheric pressure correction. (1) After the topography correction, the volume transport and meridional velocity maximum of Yellow Sea Warm Current increase obviously and the unreasonable bending of its axis around 36.1°N, 123.5°E disappears. (2) After the change of sea surface forcing mode, an effective negative feedback mechanism is formed between predicted sea surface temperature (SST) by the ocean model and sea surface radiation fluxes fields. The simulation errors of SST decreased significantly, and the annual average of root-mean-square error (RMSE) decreased by about 18％. (3) The change of the eastern lateral boundary condition of baroclinic velocity from mixed Radiation-Nudging to Clamped makes the unreasonable westward current in Tsushima Strait disappear. (4) The adding of mean sea level pressure correction option which forms the mean sea level gradient from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea to the western Pacific in winter and autumn is helpful to increasing the fluctuation of SLA and outflow of the Yellow Sea when the cold high air pressure system controls the Yellow Sea area.     

三江平原东方白鹳种群现状与人工招引研究

20世纪60年代,三江平原是东方白鹳的主要繁殖区,但由于湿地开发、人为干扰使得东方白鹳的繁殖地不断缩小,繁殖种群数量明显减少。2004-2007年通过在三江平原开展大规模的东方白鹳人工招引和保护的实施措施,东方白鹳的繁殖种群已经明显回升。但部分地区对东方白鹳的了解和保护程度还不够,今后应该加强对该物种的宣传、研究和保护工作。     

黑潮OLR距平指数与华南西部主汛期降水的关系

OLR距平场与华南西部主汛期降水的相关分析场显示,在黑潮区域有强烈的高相关信号反映。黑潮区OLR距平指数与华南主汛期降水的遥相关分析显示,前期黑潮区OLR距平指数的异常,可以成为预测主汛期降水有一定指示意义的前兆信号。并在此基础上建立主成分降维分析方法,对1989~2000年主汛期降水作预测及回代检验,检验结果准确率达75%,说明用黑潮区OLR距平指数作为预报因子可以取得良好的预报成绩。     

Ocean temperature climate off North‐East New Zealand

The ocean temperature field off the north‐east coast of New Zealand is studied to quantify the annual cycle and reveal the intra‐ and inter‐annual variability. The data used are repeat expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections between Auckland and either Suva or Honolulu which have been collected quarterly since 1986. These sections give temperature measurements between the surface and 800 m and Auckland and 30°S from 1986 to August 1999. The mean and annual cycle are compared with those from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas (WOA98). The results are similar; however WOA98 lacks the horizontal resolution to fully discern the East Auckland Current and North Cape Eddy, while the XBT analysis lacks the temporal resolution to discern higher frequency intra‐annual signals. The temperature variability in the mixed layer is dominated by the annual cycle, which accounts for 80–90% of the variance. The amplitude of the annual cycle diminishes rapidly with depth, from 2.8°C at the surface, to c. 0.1°C at 180 m. The phase of the annual cycle is retarded with depth, with peak temperatures occurring in February at the surface and in June/July at 180 m. Removing the annual cycle from the time series reveals the more subtle inter‐ and intra‐annual variability. This variability is of the order of 1°C in the upper 50 m, decreasing to 0.3°C at 400–500 m. The surface layer was cold between 1991 and 1994 (c. 0.7°C cooler than average), and 0.7°C warmer than average in 1999. The deeper ocean shows a different signal, being up to 0.3°C cooler in 1990–92, 0.3°C warmer in 1998, and c. 0.2°C warmer than average in 1999. The inter‐annual mixed layer variability is highly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index and also with inter‐annual terrestrial air temperature and wind measurements from northern New Zealand. In contrast, at higher intra‐annual frequencies, the mixed layer variability is not correlated with air and wind measurements. At these higher frequencies, the air temperature is better correlated with the sea surface temperature (SST) than with the bulk mixed layer temperature.     

北太平洋西边界流的低频变化特征

基于日本气象厅长时间序列的温、盐度再分析资料,利用动力计算方法分析了北太平洋西边界的北赤道流及其下游黑潮和棉兰老流流量的年际和年代际变化,并探讨了北赤道流变化的可能原因。结果表明,北赤道流和黑潮具有比较一致的年际和年代际变化,均在1976年前后发生了一次气候跃变,之后有长期偏强的趋势,而棉兰老流的年际和年代际变化则有所不同。特别是,北赤道流1976年之后增加的流量似乎大多进入黑潮,而流入棉兰老流的流量则减少。进一步的分析还表明,西传的Rossby波和棉兰老冷涡的变动可能对北赤道流的年际变化有重要影响。     

Shelf currents,lee-trapped and transient eddies on the inshore boundary of the Agulhas Current,South Africa: their relevance to the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run

The existence and strength of the annual KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) sardine run has long been a conundrum to fishers and scientists alike ― particularly that the sardine Sardinops sagax migrate along the narrow Transkei shelf against the powerful, warm Agulhas Current. However, examination of ship-borne acoustic Doppler current profiler (S–ADCP) data collected during two research surveys in 2005 indicated that northward-flowing coastal countercurrents exist at times between the Agulhas Bank and the KZN Bight, near Port Alfred, East London, Port St Johns and Durban. The countercurrent near Port Alfred extended as far east as the Keiskamma River, within an upwelling zone known to exist there. An ADCP mooring at a depth of 32 m off Port Alfred indicated that the countercurrent typically lasted a few days, but at times remained in the same direction for as long as 10 days. Velocities ranged between 20 and 60 cm s^?1 with maximum values of ～80 cm s^?1. The S–ADCP data also highlighted the existence of cyclonic flow in the Port St Johns–Waterfall Bluff coastal inset, with a northward coastal current similarly ranging in velocity between 20 and 60 cm s^?1. CTD data indicated that this was associated with shelf-edge upwelling, with surface temperatures 2–4 °C cooler than the adjacent core temperature (24–26 °C) of the Agulhas Current. Vertical profiles of the S–ADCP data showed that the countercurrent, about 7 km wide, extends down the slope to at least 600 m, where it appeared to link with the deep Agulhas Undercurrent at 800 m. S–ADCP and sea surface temperature (SST) satellite data confirmed the existence of the semi-permanent, lee-trapped, cyclonic eddy off Durban, associated with a well-defined northward coastal current between Park Rynie and Balito Bay. Analysis of three months (May–July 2005) of satellite SST and ocean colour data showed the shoreward core-boundary of the Agulhas Current (24 °C isotherm) to commonly be close to the coast along the KZN south coast, as well as between the Kei and Mbhashe rivers on the Transkei shelf. The Port St Johns–Waterfall Bluff cyclonic eddy was also frequently visible in these satellite data. Transient cyclonic eddies, which spanned 150–200 km of shelf, appeared to move downstream in the shoreward boundary of the Agulhas Current at a frequency of about once a month. These seemed to be break-away Durban eddies. Data collected by ADCP moorings deployed off Port Edward in 2005 showed that these break-away eddies and the well-known Natal Pulse are associated with temporary northward countercurrents on the shelf, which can last up to six days. It is proposed that these countercurrents off Port Alfred, East London and Port St Johns assist sardine to swim northwards along the Transkei shelf against the Agulhas Current, but that their progress north of Waterfall Bluff is dependent on the arrival of a transient, southward-moving, break-away Durban cyclonic eddy, which apparently sheds every 4–6 weeks, or on the generation of a Natal Pulse. This passage control mechanism has been coined the ‘Waterfall Bluff gateway’ hypothesis. The sardine run survey in June–July 2005 was undertaken in the absence of a cyclonic eddy on the KZN south coast, i.e. when the ‘gate’ was closed.     

Spawning strategies and transport of early stages of the two Cape hake species,Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis,in the southern Benguela upwelling system

Seasonal and short-term variability of environmental parameters influence the spawning strategies of fish species. In this study, the spawning strategies and the transport of early stages of the two Cape hake species off South Africa were investigated. Distribution of eggs and larvae of Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis was analysed in order to derive more detailed and species-specific information on spawning season, spawning location, and transport of early stages. Samples were collected during three pilot surveys between January and October 2007 and during an extensive survey in September/October 2008 in the southern Benguela upwelling system off South Africa. Eggs and larvae of M. paradoxus were found in greater numbers than those of M. capensis during all surveys. Highest abundances were found from September to October, indicating one spawning peak for M. paradoxus during late austral winter to spring. The western Agulhas Bank was identified as the primary spawning ground, and smaller spawning events occurred on the West Coast. Larvae of both species were mainly distributed in subsurface waters between 25 and 100 m. More than 50% of all larvae caught had a total length between 3 and 4 mm and size increased significantly with decreasing latitude. Merluccius capensis were found closer inshore than M. paradoxus, indicating that early stages of the two species followed separate drift routes. We assume that this distribution pattern most likely evolved from differences in spawning location and phenology. The spawning strategies of M. paradoxus and M. capensis are well adapted to a time-frame of optimal transport conditions favourable for larval survival in the highly variable environment of the southern Benguela upwelling system, but the peak spawning of the two species is separated in time and space.     

西藏自治区多庆错国家湿地公园湿地资源及其保护研究

通过实地调查和文献分析,分析了西藏自治区多庆错国家湿地公园的湿地资源现状,在分析其湿地资源的特征、存在问题及其驱动因素的基础上,提出了多庆错湿地资源保护对策和具体措施,以期为西藏自治区多庆错国家湿地公园的建设提供指导和帮助。     

铀矿床定年研究进展评述

往往由于铀矿物(沥青铀矿)颗粒细小、易蚀变成铀的次生矿物及多期铀矿化作用相互叠加等在组成和结构上的固有特点,通常难以用挑选铀矿物(沥青铀矿)样品溶样的传统定年方法精确确定其形成年龄。随着分析技术的不断更新和发展,对铀矿床成矿年代学的研究也不断深入。但受铀矿床中铀矿物U-Pb定年方法本身的制约,以及以往对铀矿物U-Pb定年体系中铀矿物样品要求认识的不足,常常导致获得的年龄无实际地质意义或无法获得理想的等时线年龄。本文针对铀矿化定年方法的发展历程进行了系统梳理和分析,评述了铀矿物定年的五种主要方法:(1)铀矿物U-Th-totalPb化学年龄;(2)铀矿物模式年龄;(3)铀矿物传统等时线年龄;(4)铀矿物矿伴生矿物年龄;(5)原位微区铀矿物U-Pb年龄。在此基础上,深入探讨了铀矿化作用定年研究中存在的问题和对应方案,期望促进未来铀矿床成矿年代学的发展。     

庆良间水道的水交换对东海黑潮水团特性的影响

庆良间水道水交换对其上下游东海黑潮的流量和水团特性的变异都起到了非常重要的作用,本文通过将历史观测的WOD资料插值为1/8°×1/8°的网格化数据,估算了庆良间水道的地转流通量特征,然后结合Argo浮标数据讨论了庆良间水道的水交换对东海黑潮水团特性的影响,研究结果表明:(1)西太平洋通过庆良间水道流入东海冲绳海槽主要发生在水道的次表层,并且次表层的入侵可能跟庆良间水道东部的琉球流有关;(2)庆良间水道上下游黑潮的水团特性由于受到来自庆良间水道的动力混合作用导致其存在差异。黑潮次表层高盐水到达冲绳附近之后盐度略微增加,深度略微变浅,然而黑潮中层低盐水的盐度显著减小,深度明显加深;(3)庆良间水道上下游东海黑潮的次表层高盐水和中层低盐水其盐度的季节变化规律不一致。次表层高盐水盐度的季节变化可能同时受到庆良间水道的流量和表层淡水通量的影响,在冬季最强,夏季最弱,然而中层低盐水盐度的季节变化主要受庆良间水道流量的影响,在秋季最强,夏季最弱。