The topological viewshed: embedding topological pointers into digital terrain models to improve GIS capability for visual landscape analysis

The effort to develop a Digital Earth has made dramatic progress in terms of visualisation and visual data integration for use-cases which demand semantically rich analysis. To provide this analysis and ensure legitimate representations of the spatial data from which visualisation are derived, it is necessary to provide more comprehensive analytical capabilities of the view. Questions of aesthetic valuation of landscape require a richer analytical response than simply ‘whether and possibly how much of’ an object or area of land can be seen. It requires interrogation of the scene as it appears and to distinguish between transient visual effects and those locally invariant to view point change. This paper explores a data structure to support scene analytics. As such, it first reviews the existing techniques from the fields of GIS and computer graphics as to their potential and limitations in providing a qualitatively more nuanced visual analysis. It then introduces a new method of encoding visually apparent relationships into terrain models. A prototype implementation is presented based on the Quad-Edge Triangular Irregular Network, though it is believed that raster or vector implementation would be possible. Although developed primarily with landscape analysis in mind, the method could have wider applicability.     

Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City,China

Since there is an increasing demand for integrating landscape ecology and urban planning theories to study complex urban ecosystems and establish rational and ecological urban planning, we introduced a new concept-urban functional landscapes which can be reclassified based on detailed land use data to fulfill the various urban functions, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure purposes. In this paper, urban functional landscapes were defined based on urban land use data produced from Pleiades images, and then landscape metrics and population density were combined to identify the urban functional zones along an urban–rural gradient. The features of urban functional landscape patterns and population density were also analyzed, and their relationship has been explored. The results showed that the pattern of urban functional landscapes and population density in the urban functional zones (Urban center, Urban peripheral area, Landscape barrier, Satellite city and Far-suburb) along the urban–rural gradient in Xiamen doesn't totally conform to the classical theories in spatial and social aspects. Urban functional landscapes is potential of acting as bridges between the landscape ecology and urban planning theories, providing scientific support for rational urban landscape planning and urban land use policy making.     

Spatial variation of wetlands and flux of dissolved organic carbon in boreal headwater streams

In order to investigate the relation between water chemistry and functional landscape elements, spatial data sets of characteristics for 68 small (0·2–1·5 km²) boreal forest catchments in western central Sweden were analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). The geographic data used were extracted from official topographic maps. Water sampled four times at different flow situations was analysed chemically. This paper focuses on one phenomenon that has an important influence on headwater quality in boreal, coniferous forest streams: generation and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It is known that wetland cover (bogs and fens) in the catchment is a major source of DOC. In this study, a comparison was made between a large number of headwater catchments with varying spatial locations and areas of wetlands. How this variation, together with a number of other spatial variables, influences the DOC flux in the streamwater was analysed by statistical methods. There were significant, but not strong, correlations between the total percentages of wetland area and DOC flux measured at a medium flow situation, but not at high flow. Neither were there any significant correlations between the percentage of wetland area connected to streams, nor the percentage of wetland area within a zone 50 m from the stream and the DOC flux. There were, however, correlations between catchment mean slope and the DOC flux in all but one flow situations. This study showed that, considering geographical data retrieved from official sources, the topography of a catchment better explains the variation in DOC flux than the percentage and locations of distinct wetland areas. This emphasizes the need for high‐resolution elevation models accurate enough to reveal the sources of DOC found in headwater streams. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

县域生态景观要素信息图谱的图像分析

“数字福建”、“数字厦门”正在建设中。本文以永泰县为例,在RS技术支持下,对生态景观要素信息图谱进行初步研究。利用影像光谱信息统计分析、特征变换等进行生态景观要素(生态水、生态能和生态元)的遥感监测,对山区水热状况、山区植被类型作了分析。     

差分主成分分析法在辽河三角洲景观变化中的应用

差分主成分分析法是应用遥感数据检测景观变化的一种新方法。为了提高检测精度,我们利用TM卫星遥感数据,改进了主成分分析法和图像差值法,提出了差分主成分分析法。并以辽河三角洲地区为例,对该方法进行了验证。研究结果表明：(1) 与传统的检测法-分类后比较法相比,差分主成分分析法具有较高的检测精度,总检测精度为0.89,Kappa指数为0.82;(2) 在1984~2000年的16年间,辽河三角洲地区有近22%的景观发生了变化,主要包括芦苇湿地的减少、水稻田的增加以及城镇用地的增加。     

三江平原湿地景观结构的时空变化

基于湿地是流域中重要的景观和生态系统的思想,结合已有历史资料和遥感资料进行不同时段景观制图和GIS分析,对三江平原挠力河流域湿地景观结构和50年 (1949~2000) 来时空变化进行了系统研究,得出的主要结论为：(1) 流域湿地具有特殊的纵向结构、横向结构的景观梯度特征和内部结构特征,并且景观梯度特征与流域地形梯度、水文梯度以及地貌结构特征相协调;(2) 流域湿地景观结构在人类活动干扰下发生了巨大变化：景观纵向结构从连续的基质景观变化为河岸带景观,横向结构从明显的景观类型梯度特征变化为单一类型景观,而景观内部结构特征则表现为镶嵌斑块体的不断丧失;(3) 大规模土地开发活动和水利工程建设是流域湿地景观结构变化的主要驱动力。     

贵州岩溶区镶嵌景观上覆土层的粒度分布特征及其指示意义

通过对贵州岩溶区喀斯特镶嵌景观中碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩相互接触部位剖面的粒度分布特征综合对比、分析研究,结果表明:不同岩石上覆土层之间的粒度频率曲线和粒度参数存在明显的差异,仅在两种岩石类型的接触过渡带显示出一定混合特征,且与区域其它岩类上覆土层没有关联性;各土层粒度分布特征与下伏基岩有着密切的联系,显示出继承性。同时,进一步肯定了粒度分布特征在贵州岩溶区上覆土层的物源指示意义。      

黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究

在解译的张掖绿洲土地利用/土地覆盖图的基础上, 进行相关的景观类型综合处理, 计算了绿洲景观格局的多个指数. 结果表明, 绿洲景观的组成以戈壁、沙地、耕地和草地为主, 体现了荒漠基质受人工影响而形成的典型农业型绿洲的特点. 绿洲内居民点众多, 仅与少数类型邻接并且比较分散, 戈壁、平原旱地和沙地分布则比较集中. 盐碱地和裸岩石砾地的形状最复杂, 戈壁的形状则最简单; 同时, 平原旱地、戈壁和裸岩石砾地的连接性均较好, 在景观中占有较大比重, 类型间的物质和能量迁移比较通畅.     

江苏灌河口湿地景观生态规划:可持续发展的方案

灌河是江苏省除长江外唯一的未在入海口建闸的河流,上通盐河、京杭运河和淮河,腹地广大,灌河河口段可满足万吨轮航运条件,有巨大的开发价值。在分析研究灌河口湿地资源、环境与景观生态特征的基础上,利用景观生态学中景观生态规划的方法和原理,提出了建立景观生态保护区,开发河海牧场、生态农业和生态旅游资源,加快中等港口群和临港产业区建设并举的景观生态规划方案,通过灌河口湿地一体化开发、保护和管理的示范作用,带动整个流域的经济与生态环境保护的协调发展。     

"食在广州"的文化内涵与成因分析

探讨"食在广州"的悠久历史和文化内涵,从物质文化、制度文化和精神文化三个方面总结了"食在广州"的文化表现,认为"食在广州"具有开放性、兼容性、开拓性、灵活性、趋时性和享受性等文化特质;并从自然与经济环境、饮食自身的奇特与怪异、"重吃轻穿"的消费心理等方面分析了"食在广州"得以传播和发展的原因.认为要继续巩固"食在广州"的地位,需要政府重视,企业参与,注重与节事活动的结合,注重与岭南文化的结合,注重"食在广州"文化内涵的深度开发.