Understanding water pollution management: Evidence and insights from incorporating cultural theory in social network analysis

Social network analysis gives a rigid assessment of network structure while cultural theory helps explain management outcomes in more detail. The combination of these methods provides significant and alternative insights about the complexity of water pollution management. Applied in the case study of the Calumpang Watershed in the Philippines, two types of relations were evaluated, namely, resource sharing and cooperative activities. Factors affecting cooperation and the creation of bridges were assessed in social network analysis, while cultural theory was used to reveal the underlying views of key actors on the nature of the river and its management. Evidence showed that cooperation was significantly influenced by resource sharing regardless of institutional affiliation, while bridges were created by becoming the pools of information and resources in the network. Using cultural theory, this study found out that local government officials dominantly have a mixture of hierarchist and egalitarian views characterizing belief in both rule-bound and group-motivated actions to solve the water pollution problem. However, their egalitarian views on management did not manifest in the current network. The study concludes that collaborative partnerships for water pollution management can be facilitated by promoting resource flow, utilizing influential bridges in the network, and understanding the unconventional values of government actors. Combining social network analysis and cultural theory is recommended to generate a more critical assessment of the institutional complexity of pollution and other water issues in watersheds.     

Ledgers and landscapes: Indicators of rural landscape change in southern New Zealand, 1878–1919

Our objective was to develop and calibrate numerical measures to represent the timing and magnitude of landscape change between 1878, and 1919 using information in a stock and station agency's ledgers. Relative expenditures on fencing materials peaked in the 1880s, were lowest in the early 1900s, and rose to one‐fifth of annual expenditures from 1914 onwards. In contrast, relative expenditures on soil preparation, cropping and harvesting grew steadily after 1879, peaked in 1900, and declined from then until 1919. This research found that periods of intensive landscape investment between 1878 and 1919 were separated by longer intervals of landscape maintenance.     

Landscape metrics for three-dimensional urban building pattern recognition

Understanding how landscape pattern determines population or ecosystem dynamics is crucial for managing our landscapes. Urban areas are becoming increasingly dominant social-ecological systems, so it is important to understand patterns of urbanization. Most studies of urban landscape pattern examine land-use maps in two dimensions because the acquisition of 3-dimensional information is difficult. We used Brista software based on Quickbird images and aerial photos to interpret the height of buildings, thus incorporating a 3-dimensional approach. We estimated the feasibility and accuracy of this approach. A total of 164,345 buildings in the Liaoning central urban agglomeration of China, which included seven cities, were measured. Twelve landscape metrics were proposed or chosen to describe the urban landscape patterns in 2- and 3-dimensional scales. The ecological and social meaning of landscape metrics were analyzed with multiple correlation analysis. The results showed that classification accuracy compared with field surveys was 87.6%, which means this method for interpreting building height was acceptable. The metrics effectively reflected the urban architecture in relation to number of buildings, area, height, 3-D shape and diversity aspects. We were able to describe the urban characteristics of each city with these metrics. The metrics also captured ecological and social meanings. The proposed landscape metrics provided a new method for urban landscape analysis in three dimensions.     

城市景观格局对城市内涝的影响研究——以深圳市为例

近年来,城市内涝问题频发,引发了强烈关注。现有有关城市内涝问题的研究多关注土地利用与城市内涝的关系,而对于城市景观格局对城市内涝影响的研究则不多。本文以内涝问题严重的深圳市为研究区,利用深圳市2014年5月11日暴雨期间内涝点数据（共278个）,选取类型水平上的最大斑块面积比例（Largest Patch Index, LPI）、斑块聚集度（Patch Cohesion Index, PCI）、景观破碎度（Landscape Division Index, DIVISION）、景观水平的蔓延度（Contagion Index, CONTAG）、香农多样性指数（Shannon's Diversity Index, SHDI）共5个景观指数,并结合土地利用类型、不透水率、植被覆盖度、降雨量、地形地势及雨水管网密度等内涝影响因子,运用相关分析和多元逐步回归分析,探究深圳市景观格局对内涝的影响。结果表明：① 土地利用类型中,住宅用地等建设用地对内涝灾害影响最大,其面积比例的增加会加剧区域内涝程度;② 城市各类型景观格局特征中,建设用地斑块的优势度、聚集度越高,景观破碎化程度越低,区域的内涝程度越高,绿地的景观格局对城市内涝的影响与建设用地相反;③ 城市整体景观特征中,景观整体越复杂越不易引发内涝灾害;④ 不透水率等人为因素比降雨量等自然因素对城市内涝的影响程度大。本研究的结果可以使人关注到地表景观格局对内涝的重要作用,为内涝治理和景观格局的规划管理提供参考和借鉴。     

杜氏鰤人工苗养殖生物学特性及养殖技术研究

报道杜氏鰤(Seriola dumerili)人工苗养殖生物学特性及养殖技术研究结果。在海区水温6-30．5℃。海水盐度14．33，溶解氧6．5-7．3mg／L，pH7．5-8．1，水流为15-35cm／s的网箱中，杜氏鰤人工苗叉长40-50mm，体质量1．5-1．7g，经208d养殖，叉长达到330-388mm，体质量达到950-1400g，饲料系数为11，成活率为71．7％；养殖720d，体质量达4．5-6．5k，饲料系数为8；养殖l080d，体质量达7．5-11．5kg，饲料系数为7；养殖l440d，体质量达13．，15．5k异，饲料系数为6；养殖l800d，体质量达15．5-18．5kg，饲料系数为5。第4年性腺发育成熟，4-5月份，海上网箱人工催产，平均每尾雌鱼可产卵1．8kg左右。     

中国沿海陆地自然保护区景观连接度评价

人类社会发展进入人新世时期,以人类活动为主导的高频率干扰和自然资源的高强度开发对生态环境造成严重威胁,提升自然保护区的景观连接度是缓解和应对外界干扰的关键手段之一。传统意义上景观连接度研究侧重于景观基质对物种迁徙的累积负向阻碍作用,评价体系中忽略了生物多样性对物种迁徙的正向支持作用。本文以中国沿海省份作为研究区域,将生物多样性空间分布作为生态系统关键功能的表征,并将其纳入景观连接度评价体系,构建了生态廊道的连通适宜性及生态支持力二维评价新方法,进一步分析人类活动干扰和物种空间分布对自然保护区景观连接度的影响。研究结果表明沿海地区人类活动对景观连接度的影响存在明显的边缘效应,即自然保护区边缘地带的人类干扰范围（46.46%）明显高于其内部区域,人类活动干扰使保护区面积减少约720.25 km²,且造成廊道起点和终点位置的改变。自然保护区边缘地带人类干扰导致了研究区域内95条廊道的连通适宜性下降;78条廊道的生态支持力有明显提升,“一降一升”的评价结果能有效地衡量景观基质对物种迁移的支持能力变化。基于景观基质阻碍和促进作用的二维评价可为中国未来自然保护区连通性和生物多样性保护提供更为全面的时空格局动态变化模拟,为优化自然保护区空间布局提供更为完善的景观连接度评估新方法。     

Tasting cheesescapes in Canterbury (New Zealand)

Food tourism is a means to connect agriculture produce and tourism activity. Food tourism allows destinations to convey the authenticity that comes from their food heritage, which is closely linked to natural and cultural landscapes. Food and landscapes in New Zealand are strongly related to dairy production, cheese production being one of the main features. This study showcases cheesescapes in Canterbury, the largest region in the South Island of New Zealand in terms of milk production. On one hand, thanks to food tourism, the producers can explore ways to diversify their production. On the other hand, visitors are able to identify with the inhabitants of a country and ‘taste’ a portion of its landscape through gastronomy.     

Enacting immanent potentialities: Tcheb‐tchib strategies at the centre of the urban fringe in Nouakchott,Mauritania

The urban fringe areas of Nouakchott, the capital city of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, have become virtual epicentres of informal property speculation, as the state‐owned land that people illegally inhabit becomes an increasingly valuable commodity in the wake of urban redevelopment plans and vast infrastructural development projects. By applying ingenious ‘poaching’ strategies based on anticipation, the marginalized, impoverished people inhabiting these areas appropriate and manipulate space in order to survive. In their attempt to counter the state's technologies of governance through what is commonly known as tcheb‐tchib, a form of creative improvisation, they become a driving force in the dynamic and contested reconfigurations of the urban landscape. Based on extended ethnographic fieldwork focusing on the strategies of former nomads who are now sedentarized on the urban fringe, this article conceives large‐scale urban renewal as a dynamic process that generates an emergent space of immanent potentiality that the urban poor attempt to strategically appropriate and enact to make the most of a potentially destructive process.     

Landscape Reconstruction and Recreation of Damaged Land in Opencast Coal Mine: A Review

Land resources in opencast coal mine are excavated and occupied during the process of mining. Severe soil compaction resulted from heavy machinery lead to a series of consequences: vegetation cannot grow normally, loss of soil and water take place constantly, and landscape is damaged. Therefore, for the future development of reclamation and ecological restoration in opencast coal mine, it has become one major task to carry out the reconstruction of damaged landscape. According to the damage characteristics of land landscape in mining area, this paper summarized the data acquisition methods of damaged land landscape in this field, including remote sensing, GPS RTK, UAV, 3D laser scanning. Fractal and landscape index methods reflecting landscape were also reviewed. Besides, landscape remodeling and reconstruction theories were concluded, which include landscape ecology, microtopography and imitated-nature landform. Base on the above mentioned, it was found out that the UAV, 3D laser scanning technologies and fractal characterization method were rarely applied. In order to provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for improving the effect of damaged landscape reconstruction and recreation in opencast coal mine, future research should be targeted on strengthening technology, deepening the fractal theory, creating landscape planning and technology system of damaged land.     

武汉城市化进程对湖泊景观格局的空间非平稳性影响分析

武汉城市化过程中的土地利用变化对其湖泊生态系统产生了一系列负面影响,深入研究并分析其影响的空间非平稳性对优化武汉城市化建设和环境保护规划极具现实意义。本文运用景观生态学理论和地理加权回归建模方法,分别构建城市化测度指标和多种类型景观格局指标,衡量武汉城市化进程对于湖泊特征、景观格局的影响,从而揭示了1996~2013年间武汉城市化进程与湖泊景观格局之间的空间非平稳性关系,结果表明:1武汉城市化进程对其不同地理区域的湖泊景观格局影响存在差异,具体表现为城市化强度越大的地区,其引起并解释湖泊景观格局变化的能力越强;2在武汉市大部分地区(超过其总面积的70%),尤其集中在中部及其周边地区,城市化与湖泊景观面积、密度、连通度、斑块分维数的变化均存在负相关,且具有呈方向性的梯度变化趋势。3在某些有针对性保护的区域,如北部黄陂区,景观面积、景观连通度、斑块分维数与城市化强度指数呈现出正相关。针对上述特征本研究提出武汉市湖泊防治的对策和建议。