山东诸城孟家庄子矿区瓷土（石）矿地质特征与成因分析

孟家庄子矿区瓷土(石)矿位于诸城市南10 km处。矿区主要出露地层为中生代青山群,总体呈NEE向展布,石前庄组是赋矿层位;构造形式是单斜构造和断裂,节理不发育,局部断裂对矿层有一定的破坏作用;岩浆岩为中生代白垩纪青山期粗安斑岩潜火山岩,侵入于青山群方戈庄组中,对矿层没有影响。矿石自然类型为流纹质凝灰岩、流纹质含角砾凝灰岩,工业类型为瓷土(石)矿。成矿类型为陆相(火山)沉积水解蚀变型瓷土(石)矿。     

中国国石与和田玉

中国国石应以能代表中华民族文化精神、国人喜爱和世界称誉的玉石为标准,昆仑山产出的和田玉最符合这些标准,建议作为中国国石。和田玉历史悠久,名扬古今中外,代表了中华民族的精神和文化传统,几千年来为中国人民所喜爱和祟敬,是世界公认的名玉。其玉质、成矿、资源在世界独具特色,是玉石中的姣姣者     

鸡血石与注胶或补破处理鸡血石的鉴别

通过肉眼和显微镜放大观察，总结出浙江昌化鸡血石与注胶或补破处理鸡血石在裂形、填充物形态、反光观察的表面平滑性、构造及血形圆滑连续性等方面的不同特征，可用于鉴别鸡血石的注胶与补破处理，并对鸡血石中常见冻筋和注胶裂进行了区分。     

广东肇庆端砚石中石眼的矿物组成和成因研究

历代以来人们对广东肇庆端砚中的石眼十分关注,因为石眼是提高端砚的鉴赏品位和市场价值的重要因素之一。梅花坑砚石是端砚石中的一种,以梅花坑砚石的石眼作为样品,用显微激光拉曼光谱测试技术,研究和测定了石眼不同部位的矿物组成。实验结果表明,砚石和石眼中均有碳存在,只是砚石中石眼(含眼瞳、眼球、眼睑)附近的基体部位碳多以微晶石墨的物相形式存在,而在石眼的眼睑处的碳则以碳球形式存在;石眼的眼睑处颜色变黑,是由赤铁矿、石墨含量的增多以及黑色玻璃相的出现而引起的;相反,石眼眼球部位颜色变浅,是因为伊利石和石英是主成分、赤铁矿和石墨含量少以及没有绿泥石的存在而造成的。石眼的"瞳子"部位呈红褐色,是来源于金红石的颜色,不是行内长期以来认为的是由赤铁矿造成的。紫色端砚石品石眼的形成与火山作用密切相关,石眼是火山泥球在海湾或潮坪环境中沉积的粉砂质泥岩在后期浅变质作用条件下的变质残余。     

谱学研究在印章石中的应用:以昌化石为例

在野外地质工作、显微镜下观察、电子探针分析和差热分析的基础上,运用X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析对印章石(以著名的昌化石为例)进行了谱学分析。昌化石主要矿物成分为高岭石族矿物,主要为迪开石及高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物。通过X射线衍射图谱分析计算其结晶度指数(HI)表明,高岭石族矿物的结晶有序度存在明显的高低变化。红外光谱特征显示,其中属于外部羟基振动的3 697cm-1谱峰强度(A)与属于内部羟基振动的3 620cm-1谱峰强度(B)的比值随着结晶度指数的降低有逐渐升高的趋势,且比值A/B的大小可以大致用来区分高岭石和迪开石:一般高岭石比值大于1,而迪开石小于1。差热分析的结果也印证了高岭石族矿物有序度高低变化的现象,如:高岭石族矿物在加热到400℃～700℃时会出现一个强烈尖锐的吸热峰,吸热峰的强度及温度与其有序度的高低存在正相关性。当主要组成矿物成分为较纯净的迪开石时,其有序度相对较高,透明度也较好;当主要矿物成分为高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物时,其有序度较低,透明度也较差。X射线衍射分析和红外光谱都是研究分析印章石的有效方法,但X射线分析通常为有损分析,且仪器使用条件相对较高;而红外光谱则可以无损且具有扫描时间短等...     

不同酸度淋溶条件下石煤中Cd、Pb释放速率

模拟天然降雨成分在三种酸度(pH 3.5、5.5和7.5)下对浙江省下寒武统荷塘组含钒石煤进行了淋溶作用实验,利用ICP-OES、ICP-MS等技术分析了滤出液中的Cd、Pb含量,研究了它们在不同酸碱度的淋溶条件下的释放特征.结果表明,石煤滤出液中Cd含量高低与淋滤液pH值的大小呈反比关系,在强酸性淋滤条件下滤出率为1...     

Numerical analysis of the installation effects on the behaviour of soft clay improved by stone columns

This paper addresses the installation effects of stone columns in soft soils. Focus is made on the lateral expansion of stone material using the vibro displacement and substitution techniques by means of numerical simulations. The behaviour of reinforced soil after stone column installation is investigated to show how the properties of soft soils can be improved prior to final loading. The effect of such an improvement on the prediction of reinforced soil settlement is evaluated. The axisymmetric unit cell model (UCM) served for the comparison between numerical predictions made by the Mohr-Coulomb and hardening soil constitutive laws adopted for the soft soil. An equivalent group of end bearing columns model was investigated in the axisymmetric condition to predict the settlement of reinforced soil by adopting the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model for soft clay. The reduction of settlements predicted by the unit cell and group of columns models, due the improvement of the Young’s modulus of soft clay, were compared. It is concluded that a significant reduction of settlement is expected when the group of columns model is considered.     

安徽省宿州市城市水源地探讨

通过对宿州市市区水源地的水文地质条件分析,认为为了满足城市供水需求,一方面新生界松散层水源地应向周家、陈营孜、杨庙、小武家、直至大吴家一带发展;另一方面必须开发宿州市市区北部符篱集一带寒武系石灰岩为新的水源地,以满足宿州市城市发展的需求。     

Gully and soil and water conservation structure densities in semi‐arid northern Ethiopia over the last 80 years

Gullies have been a common phenomenon in semi‐arid northern Ethiopia for the last centuries. However, soil and water conservation (SWC) structures have been implemented for a long time to curb soil erosion. Though, like most of the affected areas worldwide, density and distribution of gullies and SWC structures, their causes and interrelations are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to develop a technique for mapping these densities of gullies and SWC structures, to explain their spatial distribution and to analyze changes over the period 1935–2014. Aerial photographs from 1935 to 1936 and Google Earth images from 2014 of the 5142 km² Geba catchment were used. Transect lines were established to count gullies and SWC structures in order to calculate densities. On average, a gully density of 1.14 km km^?2 was measured in 1935–1936 of which the larger portion (75%) were vegetated, indicating they were not very active. Over 80 years, gully density has significantly increased to 1.59 km km^?2 with less vegetation growing in their channel, but 66% of these gullies were treated with check dams. There was c. 3 km km^?2 of indigenous SWC structures (daget or lynchets) in 1935–1936 whereas a high density (20 km km^?2) of introduced SWC structures (mainly stone bunds and terraces) were observed in 2014. The density of gullies is positively correlated with slope gradient and shrubland cover and negatively with cropland cover, whereas the density of SWC structures significantly increased with increasing cropland cover. Density maps of gullies and SWC structures indicate sensitive areas to gully formation and priority areas for the implementation of SWC structures in Geba catchment. The obtained results illustrate the feasibility of the methods applied to map the density of gullies and SWC structures in mountainous areas. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩溶断陷盆地典型县域石漠化治理综合效益评价——以云南建水县为例

云南省建水县境内分布有建水盆地、曲江盆地两大盆地,是岩溶断陷盆地区的典型代表,并且是石漠化综合治理工程"十三五"建设的重点县域,近十年来石漠化治理产生了明显的成效.为探究岩溶断陷盆地石漠化治理的成效,文章以建水县为例,基于2007—2017年Landsat TM数据,森林资源二类调查数据、石漠化监测数据及社会经济年鉴数据,借助主成分分析法、熵值法建立了建水县石漠化治理效益评价体系,对建水县石漠化治理效益进行了综合性评价.研究表明:①2013年以前综合效益及生态、经济、社会效益均呈现出上升的趋势,2013年以后,各项效益上升幅度开始减小.②建水县石漠化治理综合效益及经济、社会、生态效益存在正向可持续性,且经济和生态效益的可持续性要明显高于社会效益.③从指标层来看,限制社会效益的主要因素为外出打工人口增加率及空巢老人数目增加率,区域吸引力不足.生态效益中植被覆盖增加和石漠化面积减少在人口较少、生态修复力度较大的山区更为明显.而经济效益中,粮食产量上升趋势明显低于二三产业经济生产总值占比和经济作物收益的增加趋势.建水县石漠化治理以来,产业结构得到了改善,石漠化面积减少,居民满意度得到了提升.