近钻头随钻测量系统及其小型化设计关键技术分析

近钻头随钻测量技术是石油钻井领域最具有发展前景的高新技术之一,它以近钻头地质参数与工程参数的随钻测量、传输、信息解释、决策控制为主要技术特征,能有效提高油气层钻遇率、降低钻井成本。本文介绍了近钻头测量系统国内外的发展与应用现状,阐述了系统的工作原理、结构组成与特点,为满足小口径钻进对近钻头测量技术的需求,提出了小型化设计亟待攻克的关键技术难题,包括电磁波无线通信抗干扰技术、小直径涡轮发电技术、井下MEMS传感器技术等,为今后小直径近钻头测量系统研发提供技术基础。     

小型垂直过冷云风洞的超声波振子造雾系统

在小型垂直过冷云风洞中引进和改装了亚都工业用超声波加湿器，使其成为风洞实验的造雾系统，在实验中测量了其雾滴谱，模拟了冰雪晶生长过程，结果表明，此造雾系统符合实验要求。     

中国天气发生器非降水变量模拟参数分布特征

对基于马尔可夫链的理查森型中国天气发生器降水模拟已经有过比较系统的研究,但对非降水变量的模拟及其参数的分布特征等的研究还有待进一步深入。文中根据中国669个站点1971—2000年的逐日降水、最高气温、最低气温和日照时数资料,分干、湿两种状态计算了中国天气发生器各非降水变量的模拟参数——干、湿日条件下平均值和标准差的傅立叶系数以及各变量残差序列之间当天和后延一天的自相关、互相关系数,并分析了这些模拟参数在中国的空间分布规律,为中国天气发生器的进一步推广应用以及模拟参数的空间插值提供了技术支撑。     

合成孔径雷达基带数字信号源的设计与开发

基带数字信号源是合成孔径雷达 (SAR)系统中的关键设备 ,开发基带数字信号源对于满足SAR向多分辨率、多模式的发展具有重要的意义。随着SAR信号处理的完全数字化 ,基带数字信号源已经替代以往使用的声表面波器件 (SAW ) ,成为SAR数字线性调频产生单元的一部分 ,能够为雷达提供所需发射的各种波形信号。同时 ,面对复杂的SAR系统 ,如何测试和验证SAR设备的功能是开发人员所必须面对的重要环节。高速数字信号源的研制 ,对测试雷达视频信号处理设备有着十分重要的意义。该文首先简要介绍了数字信号源在SAR中的作用 ,然后 ,从理论上详细分析了基带数字线性调频信号的产生原理和设计过程 ;讨论并提出了数字信号源作为雷达视频信号处理测试设备的作用 ;给出了按照上述两种功能研制的高速基带数字信号源的性能、组成及其设计方案。     

基于DDS和FPGA的数字函数信号发生器设计和实现

采用现场可编程逻辑器件（FPGA）,辅以必要的模拟电路,设计实现了一个基于直接数字式频率合成（DDS）技术的数字函数信号发生器.主要模块有键盘、波形表生成、频率控制、数模转换及幅度控制、显示控制和后级处理.其中键盘用来设定频率和幅度的大小以及波形的选择;FPGA用来改变DDS频率控制字,并由FPGA来实现波形表生成和频率控制,即DDS算法实现模块;将FPGA产生的波形数据送入到AD7520进行D/A转换.幅度控制由DAC0832内部的电阻分压网络实现;后级采用低通滤波器和OCL电路来提高输出波形质量并增强其带负载能力.     

Radar rainfall uncertainty modelling influenced by wind

Radar‐based estimates of rainfall are affected by many sources of uncertainties, which would propagate through the hydrological model when radar rainfall estimates are used as input or initial conditions. An elegant solution to quantify these uncertainties is to model the empirical relationship between radar measurements and rain gauge observations (as the ‘ground reference’). However, most current studies only use a fixed and uniform model to represent the uncertainty of radar rainfall, without consideration of its variation under different synoptic regimes. Wind is such a typical weather factor, as it not only induces error in rain gauge measurements but also causes the raindrops observed by weather radar to drift when they reach the ground. For this reason, as a first attempt, this study introduces the wind field into the uncertainty model and designs the radar rainfall uncertainty model under different wind conditions. We separate the original dataset into three subsamples according to wind speed, which are named as WDI (0–2 m/s), WDII (2–4 m/s) and WDIII (>4 m/s). The multivariate distributed ensemble generator is introduced and established for each subsample. Thirty typical events (10 at each wind range) are selected to explore the behaviours of uncertainty under different wind ranges. In each time step, 500 ensemble members are generated, and the values of 5th to 95th percentile values are used to produce the uncertainty bands. Two basic features of uncertainty bands, namely dispersion and ensemble bias, increase significantly with the growth of wind speed, demonstrating that wind speed plays a considerable role in influencing the behaviour of the uncertainty band. On the basis of these pieces of evidence, we conclude that the radar rainfall uncertainty model established under different wind conditions should be more realistic in representing the radar rainfall uncertainty. This study is only a start in incorporating synoptic regimes into rainfall uncertainty analysis, and a great deal of more effort is still needed to build a realistic and comprehensive uncertainty model for radar rainfall data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预测函数算法在同步发电机励磁系统中的应用

预测函数控制(Predictive Function Control)方法克服了传统预测控制算法复杂、在线计算量大的缺点,具有算法简单、计算量小、跟踪速度快和精度高等优点,适合同步发电机励磁等快速系统.介绍了预测函数控制(PFC)的基本原理和特点,成功地将预测函数控制算法运用到同步发电机励磁系统中.仿真结果表明:预测函数控制算法的控制效果明显优于PID和分数阶PID控制器,其对同步发电机启动时的机端电压、短路时的电压和断路时的电压等都能起到良好的控制作用.     

气象资料的统计降尺度方法综述

统计降尺度是解决由气象模式输出的低分辨率资料到流域尺度资料转换的手段之一,已成为一个重要的研究领域。统计降尺度方法十分丰富,分为传递函数法、天气形势法和天气发生器3类,3类之间并无严格的界限。统计降尺度涉及到时间与空间降尺度、随机型与确定型降尺度、时间自相关与空间相关性以及面向格点与面向站点的降尺度这4个方面的属性与分...     

Crime concentrations and similarities in spatial crime patterns in a Brazilian context

Research within the geography of crime and spatial criminology literature most often show that crime is highly concentrated in particular places. Moreover, a subset of this literature has shown that the spatial patterns of these concentrations are different across crime types. This raises questions regarding the appropriateness of aggregating crime types (property and violent crime, for example) when the underlying spatial pattern is of interest. In this paper, using crime data from Campinas, Brazil, we investigate the crime concentrations and the similarities among different crime types across space. Similar to some recent research in another context, we find that crime is highly concentrated in Campinas but the ability to aggregate similar crime types at the street segment level is not generalizability when compared to a North American context.     

A continuous simulation model for design-hydrograph estimation in small and ungauged watersheds

Abstract

A detailed investigation of the behaviour of various hydraulic parameters, using data from rivers in Greece, was conducted in order to explore the universality of features that many natural streams are believed to have in common. Analysis of vertical profiles of temporal mean of horizontal velocities (u) in the longitudinal (river flow) direction and of transverse profiles of depth-mean longitudinal velocities (U) estimated from these vertical profiles, measured at 232 cross-sections of several rivers in Greece, provided valuable information: on the distribution of local roughness coefficients (n_i ) along the wetted perimeter of the cross-sections examined; on the shape of u profiles; on the ratio of maximum to mean cross-sectional velocity, V_max/V_m , and its relation to a dimensionless entropy parameter, M; on the shape of U profiles; and on the normalized intensity, r, of the spatial departure of u velocities from V_m . The similarities among the quantities (u, U, n, V_max/V_m , M, r) analysed in this study and in pertinent literature reveal that the rivers examined exhibit many of the basic features, of rather universal character, shown by other rivers (all over the world) having different geometric and/or other characteristics (aspect ratios, bottom roughness, flow kinematics, etc.). Corresponding differences are also described and explained.