Seasonal changes in sea ice conditions along the Northeast Passage in 2007 and 2012

Remote sensing data from passive microwave and satellite-based altimeters, associated with the data measured underway, were used to characterize seasonal and spatial changes in sea ice conditions along...     

不同形态海湾的水底平衡剖面研究

研究海湾平衡剖面对理解海湾地貌演变具有重要意义。本文给出了收缩型、扩张型和矩形3种典型海湾平面形态对平衡剖面的影响。建立了海湾长度远小于潮汐波长的短尺度海湾的平衡剖面和对应的时均悬沙浓度的解析解。采用水深平均的水动力方程、泥沙输移方程和地形演变方程的耦合模型对以上3种类型海湾的平衡剖面进行了数值模拟,得到了这3种类型海湾的水面、流速、时均悬沙浓度和平衡剖面的计算结果,并利用水面数值结果确定了海湾水面解析解所含的一个待定常数。研究结果给出了3种不同海湾平面形态所对应的平衡剖面形态：矩形海湾对应斜坡型;收缩型海湾对应下凹型;扩张型海湾对应上凸型。所得海湾平衡剖面和时均悬沙浓度的解析解与数值解一致。     

海洋生境的甲烷好氧氧化作用对氧浓度的响应特征

海洋生境来源的甲烷好氧氧化菌及其产生的甲烷氧化作用是否具有独特性,对氧浓度这一环境因子如何响应,目前尚不清楚。本文采用海底新鲜沉积物作为菌种来源,借助微生物培养技术,实验研究了不同氧浓度条件（0%、1%、10%和50%）下的甲烷好氧氧化过程。结果表明,完全无氧条件（0%）不能发生甲烷好氧氧化作用,实验体系的甲烷氧化速率及甲烷氧化菌总丰度随氧浓度升高而降低,当氧浓度由1%升高至50%时,甲烷氧化速率减弱了约15倍,甲烷氧化菌总丰度降低了两个数量级。甲烷氧化菌优势菌属为I型氧化菌Methylobacter属,由Methylobacter leteus和Methylobacter whittenburyi组成,氧浓度增加时Methylobacter leteus的占比随之降低,Methylobacter whittenburyi则相反。本实验中甲烷好氧氧化菌及其氧化作用的最适氧浓度条件为1%,这与采样位置的原始生存环境最为接近。在海底低氧条件叠加低温、高压等特殊生境的长期驯化下,甲烷氧化菌的最适氧浓度条件将逐渐趋于其原始生存环境。     

Pixel‐scale evaluation of SSM/I sea‐ice algorithms in the marginal ice zone during early fall freeze‐up

Observed reduction in recent sea ice areal extent and thickness has focused attention on the fact that the Arctic marine system appears to be responding to global‐scale climate variability and change. Passive microwave remote‐sensing data are the primary source underpinning these reports, yet problems remain in geophysical inversion of information on ice type and concentration. Uncertainty in sea‐ice concentration (SIC) retrievals is highest in the summer and fall, when water occurs in liquid phase within the snow–sea‐ice system. Of particular scientific interest is the timing and rate of new ice formation due to the control that this form of sea ice has on mass, energy and gas fluxes across the ocean–sea‐ice–atmosphere interface. In this paper we examine the critical fall freeze‐up period using in situ data from a ship‐based and aerial survey programme known as the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange study combined with microwave and optical Earth observations data. Results show that: (1) the overall physical conditions observed from aerial survey photography were well matched with coincident moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer data and Radarsat ScanSAR imagery; (2) the shortwave albedo was linearly related to old ice concentration derived from survey photography; (3) the three SSM/I SIC algorithms (NASA Team (NT), NASA Team 2 (NT2), and Bootstrap (BT)) showed considerable discrepancies in pixel‐scale comparison with the Radarsat ScanSAR SICs well calibrated by the aerial survey data. The major causes of the discrepancies are attributed to (1) the inherent inability to detect the new thin ice in the NT and BT algorithms, (2) mismatches of the thin‐ice tie point of the NT2 algorithm, and (3) sub‐pixel ambiguity between the thin ice and the mixture of open water and sea ice. These results suggest the need for finer resolution of passive microwave sensors, such as AMSR‐E, to improve the precision of the SSM/I SIC algorithms in the marginal ice zone during early fall freeze‐up. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境中二噁英的浓度水平及其控制技术

根据近年来二噁英的污染现状,对环境中二噁英的污染浓度水平、污染来源及途径进行了探讨,结果表明:近10年来,二噁英污染浓度水平仍高于检出标准。造纸制浆、漂白继垃圾焚烧后成为主要污染源。在人体危害方面,深入到二噁英对人体基因和染色体有诱导致变作用。根据二噁英的来源和形成机理,按前期预处理、过程控制和后期处理三个阶段,论述了二噁英的污染控制技术,同时提出了对二噁英污染控制措施。     

Analysis of mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter in a sandstorm course and its affecting factors in the Taklimakan Desert

During the course of a major sandstorm from April 17 to April 23, 2008 in the Taklimakan Desert, data pertaining to the mass concentrations of different-sized atmospheric particulate matter were observed continuously with Grimm 1.108, Thermo RP 1400a, TSP, and CAWS-600 instruments. The results showed that: (1) during the entire sandstorm process there were some differences between the daily mean particle concentration peaks and the hourly mean particle concentration peaks because the actual sandstorm lasted for only about 4 hr, whereas more particles were accumulated in the floating dust days before and after the actual sandstorm; (2) the intensity of the sandstorm was enhanced with the increase of wind speed, and this was related to the peak mass concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter; the wind speed directly affected the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter: the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concentration (>0.23 μm was 39,496.5 μg/m³, and >20.0 μm was 5,390.7 μg/m³); (3) the concentration changes of PM₁₀ and TSP were also related to the course and intensity of the sandstorm; and (4) the mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter had the following sequence during the dust weather: clear day < floating dust < floating and blowing dust < sandstorm. Temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also indirectly affect the concentration change of atmospheric particulate matter.     

典型自然源气溶胶沉降引起的海洋初级生产响应

大气沉降是陆源物质向海洋输入营养盐的重要方式,沙尘、野火和火山喷发均能够产生气溶胶,这些典型的自然源气溶胶在风场的作用下,能够进行远距离的输运,期间由于沉降作用进入海洋,为上层海洋提供限制性营养盐促进海洋浮游植物生长,提升海洋的初级生产力,促进碳循环过程。以海表叶绿素浓度作为海洋初级生产力的重要指标,通过海表叶绿素浓度的响应,探究沙尘、野火和火山这三种典型自然源气溶胶的传输路径及其沉降对海洋初级生产的影响。结果显示,海洋初级生产对气溶胶沉降的响应不仅与气溶胶排放类型有关,也与温度、动力过程、光合有效辐射等海域初级生产影响因素有关,体现了海洋初级生产对自然源气溶胶的敏感性,自然源气溶胶沉降所驱动的海洋初级生产在全球碳循环中具有重要的潜在影响。     

海水浓度对生物接触氧化法处理废水的影响

研究了海水浓度对生物接触氧化法处理废水的影响。结果表明,在淡水中添加海水超过35％时,生物接触氧化法去除废水的化学耗氧量(COD)的效果随着海水浓度的增加而降低．添加海水10％～25％时,COD的去除效果好,25％时COD最高总去除率可达87．8％．处理效果几乎与纯淡水的对照组(COD总去除率88．6％)等同。     

东南丘陵山区深水水库两种浮床植物脱氮效率对比研究

为探究东南丘陵山区深水水库中生态浮床技术深度脱氮的效率及管理措施,以大型山谷型深水水库千岛湖为例,选取湿生植物空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)和水生植物粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum),采用生态浮床技术,开展了原位模拟实验对比研究,探究不同营养盐浓度和光强下两种植物的生长状况与氮素去除效率。结果发现:(1)空心菜长势受营养盐和光照条件影响明显,添加氮磷后(TN=2.37 mg/L,TP=0.046 mg/L)的空心菜生物量是原位水体(TN=0.66 mg/L,TP=0.028 mg/L)的1.6倍,适当遮光有助于浮床植物生长,40%遮光条件下空心菜的生物量是不遮光条件下的1.5倍;而粉绿狐尾藻生长受营养盐和光照条件影响均较小。(2)空心菜对于水体氮素净化能力显著高于粉绿狐尾藻,在最佳条件下空心菜和粉绿狐尾藻对氮素的去除效率分别达到213.30和44.23 mg/(m²·d)。(3)空心菜去除氮主要以植物同化作用为主,占70%以上TN去除量,40%遮光环境通过明显提升空心菜同化吸收氮量和根系反硝化速率增强了氮的去除能力;粉绿狐尾藻同化吸收和反硝化脱氮作用各占50%左右,以遮光75%下脱氮效果最好。本研究表明,采用生态浮床技术能够强化深水水库的脱氮能力,空心菜更适合在氮浓度较高的水体生长,夏季为空心菜和粉绿狐尾藻浮床分别进行40%和75%的遮光处理将有更好的水质净化效果。因此,在滨岸湿地匮乏的深水水库实施多种植物搭配的生态浮床技术强化水体脱氮作用是一种行之有效的水质改善方法。     

Hydrochemical regime of saline lakes in the Southeastern Transbaikalia

Results from hydrochemical investigations into macrocomponent composition of some of the lakes in the Southeastern Transbaikalia are presented. The region's saline lakes, as a rule, are soda-chloride or chloride-soda lakes according to their chemical composition. The lakes hydrochemistry is determined by a combination of evaporative concentration of salt composition, intra-water body hydrobiological processes, especially by the production of organic matter and reduction of sulfates as well as by hydrogenic sedimentation.