Bentheimer sandstone revisited for experimental purposes

Bentheimer sandstone outcrop samples are ideal for laboratory studies due to their lateral continuity and block scale homogeneous nature. Over the years they have been used to investigate reservoir topics ranging from passive and active properties of oil/gas/water/rock interaction and processes to flow and transport.This work shows an evaluation of Bentheimer sandstone properties and their characteristics to advance understanding on the mineral accessory and the physical and electrical transport properties. On the basis of the nature of depositional environments and diagenesis, we measure and characterize spatial attributes of the matrix, mainly by qualitative analysis, laboratory and stereological measurements and statistical 2D/3D reconstructions. The main contribution of this paper is the impact of mineral composition on the petrophysical quality and block scale homogeneity of the reservoir. With 3D techniques reconstructions of the new rock grain framework pore structures have been created.Based on measurements, a review of literature data and interpretation of variation between the outcrops and flow relevant parameters, we conclude that Bentheimer sandstone is a rock that shows constant mineralogy and is largely free of paramagnetic impurities. In accordance with the results of 3D reconstructions techniques and in line with the depositional settings, they show a well sorted grain framework and a pore network that can be used to calculate the permeability and resistivity without conducting any direct laboratory measurements of either parameter. It presents a porosity with a range of 0.21–0.27 and permeabilities varying between 0.52 and 3.02 Darcy. Based on our work and literature, it is found that high permeability together with similar distribution of pore throats and bodies make the sandstone an attractive and easy obtainable candidate for comparative experimental studies. Moreover, we state by comparing various techniques that the efficiency and resolution accuracy of the applied method must be taken into consideration when planning the measurements.     

曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)繁殖习性及其产卵场修复的研究

采用对比分析方法,观察了曼氏无针乌贼的繁殖习性,比较了不同产卵附着物的附卵效果,选择典型产卵场(中街山列岛海区)进行附着物的调查。结果表明,曼氏无针乌贼有较高等复杂的性行为,有显著的求偶、争偶及雌雄搏斗现象,乌贼交配对其它乌贼交配有诱导作用;乌贼对附卵基有严格选择,没有充足适宜的附卵基,不仅使乌贼产卵时间延迟、数量减少,而且易被水流冲散、沉入底部致受精卵大量死亡,是影响乌贼繁衍的重要因素;附卵基附卵效果依次为聚乙烯(PE)绳、聚丙烯(PP)绳、钢筋、竹子、木头,颜色依次为黑色、蓝色、红色、黄色,形状依次为圆柱体、正三棱柱体、正长方体、扁长方体,粗度以直径0.25—0.50cm为宜,此外附卵基间应有适当空隙;目前,中街山列岛海区柳珊瑚(Plexaauraa sp.)生物量为0.15—0.64棵/m2,平均生物量为0.32棵/m2,资源数量趋于恢复,但远不能适应乌贼资源修复需要。增殖放流试验表明,修复乌贼资源的可能性很大,但在加大增殖放流工作的同时,必须尽快开展产卵场生态环境修复尤其是产卵附着物修复工作。     

Factors that influence the entry–exit decision and intensity of participation of fishing fleet for the Galapagos lobster fishery

The Galapagos Islands are a prime example of a place where fishery management policies have been established without first understanding the behavior of fishermen. Since the creation of the Galapagos Marine Reserve in 1998, there has not been a single study in the archipelago that investigates fishing behavior and the factors affecting this behavior. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by describing and analyzing the decisions of the fishing fleet for the red spiny lobster fishery. It focuses on factors that affect the short-term decisions regarding both participation and intensity of participation in the lobster fishery. This paper finds that the fishing fleet in the Galapagos Islands behaves as profit maximizing firms, because they consider all the benefits and costs that affect both their participation decision as well as their decision about how frequently to be active after they have decided to participate. The results also show that there is a large latent effort in the lobster fisheries that could threaten the sustainability of any initiatives aimed at increasing catchability, prices, or markets. It is expected that this analysis will be valuable to policy makers when designing or improving the management plans for Galapagos fisheries.     

Determining the effects of depositional processes on consolidation behavior of sediment using shear-wave velocity

Abstract

Compression behavior of sediments is crucial to geological engineering applications for ascertaining the deformation characteristics of the particular depositional environments. Unfortunately, obtaining the geotechnical parameters required to assess the compression behavior of sediments can be a costly and time-consuming undertaking. This study developed a general prediction equation that simulates the compression behavior of sediments. This developed equation is an exponential decline model that relates an increase of the shear-wave velocity to an increase of the mean effective stress. Consequently, the decrease of void ratio is presented as a continuous function of the shear-wave velocity. For this research, laboratory-derived sediment samples created to mimic actual sediments were isotopically consolidated during a consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests. The samples were prepared in the laboratory by mixing different percentages of fines and controlling the ratio of clay-to-silt fractions. Shear-wave velocity tests were performed during this consolidation testing using bender elements. The experimental constants needed for the prediction equation were well correlated to the depositional factors specifically characterized by percent fines, silt percent, and liquid limit that define better complexity of depositional processes.     

A study of transient responses of a submerged spherical shell under shock waves

Based on a procedure which couples the finite element method with the doubly asymptotic approximation, this work addresses the problem of the transient responses of a submerged spherical shell subjected to strong, plane, incident shock waves, in which elastoplastic material behavior is considered. Simulation results indicate that the procedure adopted shows good agreement with related literature, which considered linear elastic behavior of the shell. Also presented herein are the time histories of surface pressure, radial velocity and von Mises stress of the shell. Moreover, deformation diagrams and spreading of the plastic zone of the shell are described as well.     

广州市居民的出境旅游行为

20 0 1年 10月到 2 0 0 2年 1月对广州市 70 2名市民进行了抽样调查 ,在此基础上结合广州市旅行社的出境游资料对广州市居民的出境游时间变化、出游目的、出游组织方式和目的地选择行为进行了详细分析 ,探讨了广州市民民的出境旅游行为特征。     

反复荷载下矩形钢管混凝土柱的抗震性能Ⅰ:试验研究

本文介绍了16根1/2比例的矩形钢管混凝土柱在常轴力和侧向低周反复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验研究，描述了构件的非线性发展过程及破坏形态，研究了不同试验参数（包括柱的轴压比、截面长宽比、含钢率、加载方向等）对矩形钢管混凝土柱抗震性能的影响。本文的工作可为矩形钢管混凝土结构的工程实践及相关标准的编制修订提供参考。     

Estimation of Nonlinear Soil Behavior During the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake

The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (M_w = 7.6) was one of the strongest earthquakes in recent years recorded by a large number of strong-motion devices. Though only surface records are available, the obtained strong-motion database indicates the variety of ground responses in the near-fault zones. In this study, accelerograms of the Chi-Chi earthquake were simulated at rock and soil sites, and models of soil behavior were constructed at seven soil sites (TCU065, TCU072, TCU138, CHY026, CHY104, CHY074, and CHY015), for which parameters of the soil profiles are known down to depths of at least ~70 m and at 24 other soil sites, for which parameters of the soil profiles are known down to 30–40 m; all the sites were located within ~50 km from the fault. For reconstructing stresses and strains in the soil layers, we used a method similar to that developed for the estimation of soil behavior based on vertical array records. As input for the soil layers, acceleration time histories simulated by stochastic finite-fault modelling with a prescribed slip distribution over the fault plane were taken. In spite of the largeness of the earthquake’s magnitude and the proximity of the studied soil sites to the fault plane, the soil behavior at these sites was relatively simple, i.e., a fairly good agreement between the spectra of the observed and simulated accelerograms and between their waveforms was obtained even in cases where a single stress-strain relation was used to describe the behavior of whole soil thickness down to ~70–80 m during strong motion. Obviously, this is due to homogeneity in the characteristics of soil layers in depth. At all the studied sites, resonant phenomena in soil layers (down to ~40–60 m) and nonlinearity of soil response were the main factors defining soil behavior. At TCU065, TCU110, TCU115, CHY101, CHY036, and CHY039 liquefaction phenomena occurred in the upper soil layers, estimated strains achieved ~0.6–0.8%; at other stations, maximum strains in the soil layers were as high as 0.1–0.4%, according to our estimates. Thus, valuable data on the in situ soil behavior during the Chi-Chi earthquake was obtained. Similarity in the behavior of similar soils during the 1995 Kobe, 2000 Tottori (Japan), and Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquakes was found, indicating the possibility of forecasting soil behavior in future earthquakes. In the near-fault zones of the three earthquakes, “hard-type” soil behavior and resonant phenomena in the upper surface layers prevail, both leading to high acceleration amplitudes on the surface.     

空心砖保温夹心开洞墙体的抗震试验研究

本文通过6片不同拉接筋间距的空心砖复合夹心开洞墙及2片空心砖实体开洞墙的低周期反复荷载试验。研究其破坏形态、抗震性能及变形能力。试验结果表明：空心砖夹心空洞墙的抗剪承载力要低于空心砖实体开洞墙，拉接筋对墙体的内外叶墙的协调变形及整体稳定都起着较好的作用。     

柔性微型桩水平承载力数值模拟

针对微型桩水平载荷的现场测试和原位试验相对困难,对其开展的研究很少,其荷载传递性状、受力特征等尚不能完全确定的问题,运用有限元软件ABAQUS对现场柔性微型桩（桩长与桩径之比一般大于50左右）试验进行数值模拟。数值分析结果和现场实测结果基本一致,说明模拟中的参数是有效并正确的,基本上能反映现场的实际情况。通过有限元模拟,探讨了微型桩在水平载荷作用下的工作性能,分析了微型桩的各个参数对其水平承载力的影响,给出了桩长、桩径、桩身弹性模量的合理取值,研究结果表明：较大的桩径、较高的土体摩擦角对提高柔性微型桩水平承载力有显著作用