基于地震动参数的结构易损性表达方法研究

用贝塔分布函数对给定烈度下结构各个破坏等级的概率分布进行了破坏比概率密度的拟合,以地震动峰值作为地震动参数,根据烈度和加速度峰值的对应关系以对数插值方式计算了在任意一个峰值加速度下结构破坏比的倍塔概率密度分布及各个破坏等级的概率,从而使结构易损性的表达方式由烈度-震害等级构成的二维阶跃性易损性矩阵转化为由地震动参数-破坏比概率密度函数或地震动参数-各破坏等级的概率来表达的方式.试算结果表明,这种转化方法是可行的.本文为震害预测和地震经济损失估计提供参考.     

用于结构健康诊断的动静结合法及其试验验证

介绍了一种用于梁式结构的健康诊断方法,该方法以具有较高测试精度的低阶模态参数和静力测试参数为损伤识别量,适用于本构相同的多个结构或构件的健康诊断.具体实施中只选取少量结构作为样本,对其进行静、动力的联合测试,以获得静力、动力参数间的数学回归关系,依此关系对其余的结构仅通过动力测试便可获得等效于静力加载法的健康诊断效果.以12个不同损伤程度的钢桁架结构为试验对象,对其静、动参数的相关性进行了研究.结果表明,桁架的静力刚度和一阶固有频率与桁架的损伤程度密切相关,二者可作为标识桁架损伤的静、动参数.静、动参数对桁架的损伤程度指示明确,规律是损伤越大,静、动参数值越小.采用最小二乘法建立了桁架静、动参数间数学关系式,说明梁式结构的静、动参数密切相关,动静结合法可行.     

汶川地震砌体结构的震害与改进砌体结构抗震性能的途径和方法

介绍了汶川8级地震中砌体结构房屋的震害情况,归纳分析了砌体结构房屋在地震中的震害特征及其原因,总结出了砌体结构抗震“选材合理、整体设计、注重细节、确保质量”的总体原则,提出了采用“高宽比”来设计窗间墙的宽度、房屋底层中部加设圈梁的建议,讨论了采用隔震技术、墙体开缝耗能、“隐形构造柱”和“捆绑”抗震、设置减震缝及耗能砂浆抗震技术来改进砌体结构抗震性能的新途径和新方法,最后对砌体结构的发展提出了建议。     

准噶尔盆地冬季一个例低空风、温、湿场的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM5V3，模拟了新疆准噶尔盆地冬季局地小气候效应，再现了山谷风环流和冬季“冷湖效应”。模拟结果与现有理论及观测事实基本一致。模拟结果表明：准噶尔盆地冬季大面积被积雪覆盖，下垫面反照率大，因此山谷风环流同黑河地区相比较弱，但“冷湖效应”显著，逆温特征明显，最强可达10℃。     

基于抽样调查的安徽农村民居震害预测与减灾对策周安

在安徽省的皖北、皖中和皖南地区,分别抽样4个乡镇总计781户农村民居,进行抗震性能调查,得出安徽省农村住宅在建筑年代、结构形式、建筑材料、地基基础及构造连接等方面的统计数据．在此基础上,运用建筑物地震易损性的概率分析法,对所调查的民居进行震害预测．分析表明,安徽农村民居在基本设防烈度地震作用下,尚不会发生毁灭性破坏,但中等破坏将较大面积发生．提出了农村民居防震减灾的政府管理和技术措施等对策．经济分析认为,增加约3％——4％建房投资,即可基本实现国务院的防震减灾目标．     

汶川M_S8.0地震彭州灾区典型震害与成因初步分析

2008年5月12日14时28分汶川发生的8.0级大地震对我国四川省西部及西北部县市造成了特别严重,甚至是毁灭性破坏.基于现场调查资料,分析了彭州灾区的灾害空间分布,描述了典型建筑物破坏和大型滑坡体等地质灾害现象,并结合彭州地区房屋抗震设防情况,对此次地震灾害的主要成因进行了分析.结果表明,本次地震灾害的主要成因包括震级大、破坏力强,滑坡崩塌等地震地质灾害严重,农村建筑物缺乏必要的抗震设防措施等.在未来的规划与建设中,应避开断层、滑坡危险区域,并加强对农村地区建筑物的抗震设防指导.     

Condition assessment of structures under unknown support excitation

A new method is proposed to assess the condition of structures under unknown support excitation by simultaneously detecting local damage and identifying the support excitation from several structural dynamic responses. The support excitation acting on a structure is modeled by orthogonal polynomial approximations, and the sensitivities of structural dynamic response with respect to its physical parameters and orthogonal coeffi cients are derived. The identifi cation equation is based on Taylor’s fi rst orde...     

Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Many highway bridges were severely damaged or completely collapsed during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.A field investigation was carried out in the strongly affected areas and over 320 bridges were examined. Damage to some representative highway bridges is briefly described and a preliminary analysis of the probable causes of the damage is presented in this paper. The most common damage included shear-flexural failure of the pier columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transversal or longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girder and bearings. Lessons learned from this earthquake are described and recommendations related to the design of curved and skewed bridges, design of bearings and devices to prevent girder collapse, and ductility of bridge piers are presented.Suggestions for future seismic design and retrofitting techniques for bridges in moderate to severe earthquake areas are also proposed.     

Numerical simulation of the 1992 Flores tsunami: Interpretation of tsunami phenomena in northeastern Flores Island and damage at Babi Island

Numerical analysis of the 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia earthquake tsunami is carried out with the composite fault model consisting of two different slip values. Computed results show good agreement with the measured runup heights in the northeastern part of Flores Island, except for those in the southern shore of Hading Bay and at Riangkroko. The landslides in the southern part of Hading Bay could generate local tsunamis of more than 10 m. The circular-arc slip model proposed in this study for wave generation due to landslides shows better results than the subsidence model, It is, however, difficult to reproduce the tsunami runup height of 26.2 m at Riangkroko, which was extraordinarily high compared to other places. The wave propagation process on a sea bottom with a steep slope, as well as landslides, may be the cause of the amplification of tsunami at Riangkroko. The simulation model demonstrates that the reflected wave along the northeastern shore of Flores Island, accompanying a high hydraulic pressure, could be the main cause of severe damage in the southern coast of Babi Island.     

欧洲洪水影响评价技术在长江流域的运用及其若干修正

本文回顾了欧洲洪水影响评价技术.突出的问题是怎样处理洪灾及如何使洪灾损失降到最低.很明显在长江流域开展洪水风险和潜在的损失评价非常有意义.而现有的欧洲洪水影响评价技术难以在长江流域直接运用.我们对其进行了若干修正,并引入了基于GIS/RS的综合水文水动力和最小损失评价模型,该模型己经较好地运用于长江流域洪水影响评价的研究项目.