若尔盖气候变化及其对湿地退化的影响

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地地处黄河上游,属江河源区,其生态作用对黄河的安危有直接影响,近年来退化严重。本文利用若尔盖高原湿地周边4个气象站1971—2000年逐月平均气温和降水量资料,分析了年和四季的气候特征及气候变化趋势,并对气候突变进行了检验。结果表明:近30年来若尔盖湿地表现出气温升高、降水量减少、蒸发量增大的暖干化趋势,并且在20世纪90年代后期变化趋势更加明显。这种气候变化趋势使得若尔盖高原湿地的地表水资源减少,湿地萎缩,加速了草地退化和沙化。在气候暖干化的背景下,人类活动又加剧了若尔盖高原沼泽湿地萎缩及退化趋势。     

Examining high-resolution survey methods for monitoring cliff erosion at an operational scale

This paper aims to compare models from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), terrestrial photogrammetry (TP), and unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry (UAVP) surveys to evaluate their potential in cliff erosion monitoring. TLS has commonly been used to monitor cliff-face erosion (monitoring since 2010 in Normandy) because it guarantees results of high precision. Due to some uncertainties and limitations of TLS, TP and UAVP can be seen as alternative methods. First, the texture quality of the photogrammetry models is better than that of TLS which could be useful for analysis and interpretation. Second, a comparison between the TLS model and UAV or TP models shows that the mean error value is mainly from 0.013 to 0.03 m, which meets the precision requirements for monitoring cliff erosion by rock falls and debris falls. However, TP is more sensitive to roughness than UAVP, which increases the data standard deviation. Thus, UAVP appears to be more reliable in our study and provides a larger spatial coverage, enabling a larger cliff-face section to be monitored with a regular resolution. Nevertheless, the method remains dependent on the weather conditions and the number of operators is not reduced. Third, even though UAVP has more advantages than TP, the methods could be interchangeable when no pilot is available, when weather conditions are bad or when high reactivity is needed.     

Late Holocene palaeogeographical evolution of Paroikia Bay (Paros Island,Greece)

Although there is rich evidence for human occupation of Paros’ coastline, there is a dearth of data with regards to the evolution of the island's seaboard palaeoenvironments. In this paper, we use sedimentological and palaeontological proxies of late Holocene coastal deposits from lagoonal environment to reconstruct the evolution of coastal landscapes in Paroikia Bay (Paros Island, Greece). A semi-enclosed lagoon existed in the northeastern part of Paroikia from at least 2915–2551 BC, which was gradually infilled after around 780–436 BC. Although it was not possible to chronologically constrain the timing of the infill, it is most likely relatively young, indicating anthropogenic effects. A correlation of our chronostratigraphic data with archaeological remains and tidal notches in the study area suggests that the subsidence observed on Paros Island is linked to long-term subsidence in combination with vertical seismic displacements.     

北部湾经济区主要环境地质问题探讨

北部湾经济区的飞速发展,引发了一系列环境地质问题。为查明经济区内的主要环境地质问题类型、分布特征、背景条件以及成因等,本次通过遥感解译、地面调查以及水化学分析等技术手段进行1︰25万环境地质调查,在此基础上综合集成,对北部湾经济区的主要环境地质问题进行了梳理。目前需要引起关注的重大环境地质问题为断裂活动性与区域地壳稳定性、地下水污染、特殊土环境工程地质问题、地质灾害以及海岸带相关环境地质问题。经济区内的主要环境地质问题分布较分散,发育的程度也有差异。北部湾经济区内地震多沿断裂成条带状展布,主要发生在NE向和NW向断裂的交汇处,地下水污染呈点状分布,主要污染组分为氨氮和硝酸盐等,工程地质问题主要为南宁地区的膨胀土、沿海软土以及填海造陆地区的场地稳定性问题,地质灾害主要以经济区中东部的灵山、浦北及横县一带较为集中,沿海一带的海岸侵蚀和淤积、海水入侵和高位养殖引发的地下水污染和地下水咸化等环境地质问题较为突出。     

中国东南沿海晚白垩世长屿火山的活动过程与古环境意义SCIEI北大核心CSCD

火山是唯一能够直接反映地球深部存在岩浆的地球动力学现象,对于地球气候演变和宜居性具有重要影响。相比年轻火山,古老火山因其活动过程完整、且可能剥蚀出露多阶段火山喷发产物及岩浆通道、岩浆房等,从而为揭示火山岩浆系统演化和火山活动过程提供重要的研究窗口。本文选择中国东南沿海晚白垩世长屿破火山为研究对象,对其开展火山地质、岩石学、年代学及地球化学研究,以期揭示其火山活动历史及其对中国东南沿海白垩纪古环境的启示意义。长屿火山出露面积约100km^(2),呈近圆形分布,具有较厚的火山地层厚度(总厚度约570m),类似于破火山内的火山堆积特点。由早至晚三个喷发阶段形成的流纹质角砾凝灰岩都显示了典型的火山碎屑流相的特点,发育典型的条纹斑状结构,但表现出不同的晶屑、玻屑及岩屑含量以及熔结程度等岩相学特征,反映火山喷发从初始到高峰、再到减弱的过程,最后岩浆沿火山通道侵出形成流纹斑岩穹隆,标志着火山活动的结束。长屿火山的火山碎屑流式喷发伴随着快速的岩浆房塌陷,以及缺少普林尼式空落堆积,反映了火山活动发生在伸展的构造背景。系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究获得了不同阶段火山岩一致的形成年龄(97~96Ma),暗示它们具有较短的形成时限,是由同期火山岩浆活动先后喷发形成的。长屿火山岩高的SiO_(2)含量(67%~76%)以及分异的锆石微量元素地球化学特征,表明喷发岩浆来自晶粥提取的熔体,并有晶粥来源晶体的混入。此外,我们在长屿火山岩中发现了南洋杉型丝炭化木(贝壳杉型木属),暗示晚白垩世中国东南沿海地区可能为温暖湿润的亚热带山地气候环境,表明中国东南沿海白垩纪大规模火山活动,在古武夷山脉以东地区形成了地形高耸的海岸山脉。     

Mineralogical and geochemical implications of weathering rates in coastal dunes and beach sands close to a volcanic rock source in the western Gulf of Mexico,Mexico

Coastal dune (CD) and beach sand samples were mineralogically and chemically studied to assess the weathering rates in a coastal area surrounded by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). The study area is a narrow coastal plain with sub-humid warm weather and vigorous coastal dynamics located in the Western Gulf of Mexico (WGM). Our results show that the grain size parameters remain homogeneous along nine CD and beach sites, probably due to the hydrodynamic mechanisms prevailing in the area, i.e. wind deflation, longshore currents, and waves. The minerals found in the CD and beach sands are enriched in recycled, highly corroded monocrystalline quartz (Qm), with loss of plagioclase (P) and olivine (ol), with ilmenite fractions (op) especially in the northern sites. The geochemical data show that the sands are controlled by the exhumation of the TMVB rocks composed of a high volcanic lithic content with lathwork, microlithic, and negligible vitric textures. These volcanic fractions are in agreement with the presence of lavas of calc alkaline, andesite, Na-alkaline lavas, and rhyolite tuffs derived from the TMVB. Significant Spearman Rank Correlations (SRCs) resulted from high silica, titanium, iron, magnesium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, associated with the presence of Qm, ilmenite, clinopyroxene, shell fragments, and volcanic lithics. Monocrystalline quartz enrichments, compared to a quartz dilution effect (<Qm; < Qm) at the northern and southern beach sites, reflect the vigorous coastal dynamics. The presence of ilmenite lag deposits in the northern sites indicate that high energy hydrodynamic conditions prevail at the site. The rare earth element (REE) patterns support the mineralogical and compositional framework of the CD and beach sands as part of the TMVB exhumation. We used various chemical indices such as the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), the Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), the Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA), and the Weathering Index of Plagioclase (WIP). The WIP values reflect the depletion of mobile elements such as Ca, Na, K, and enrichment of Qm at the northern beach sites, e.g. the Istirinchiá site. The CIA/WIP ratio of 2.13 indicates intermediate weathering under warm climatic conditions and recycling of CD and beach sands.     

基于生态系统视角的湿地概念规范化分析

湿地概念的不规范是导致我国湿地管理困境的重要原因。从科学研究和保护管理两个方面论述了湿地概念需要规范化的必要性,从生态系统视角,将湿地定义为:湿地是一类介于水域和陆域之间的特殊过渡类型生态系统,其地下水位通常处于或接近地表,或整个地带被浅水覆盖,并促进形成湿地土壤,以支持水生植物生长和适于湿地动物活动的区域,并从科学研究和保护管理两个方面进行了解释分析。同时认为湿地在研究和管理方面面临的共同难点是如何确定湿地的边界,建议从不同方面进行分类研究,科学上对湿地给出相对严格的科学定义,实际研究和管理中可以根据具体情况进行确定。     

东北三省湿地演化特征遥感分析

以1976年MSS、2001年ETM和2007年CBERS为遥感数据源,利用人机交互目视解译和野外检验方法获取湿地数据,定量分析东北三省湿地动态变化的相对速率、位移和类型转化,为东北湿地资源的保护与合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明:黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省湿地面积分别为42 249.71 km2、10 737.95 km2、9 744.79 km2;32年来全区湿地先减少后快速增加,黑龙江省湿地面积变化的幅度最大,吉林省湿地变化的相对速率最大;东北三省湿地重心总体位于黑龙江哈尔滨市和宾县之间,32年来有向西移动的趋势;湿地与非湿地之间转化明显,其中大部分转向人工湿地,沼泽转化率高。     

滇池北岸大清河湿地景观植物配置研究

通过对大清河湿地植物分层次的筛选,根据生态学、湿地学、植物学、美学相关理论,依据植物的生态习性及湿地的区域划分,将大清河湿地划分为深水区、浅水区、沼泽区、水边及岸带区和陆地区五大区域,并分层次进行相应的植物配置,提出挺水植物+浮水植物+沉水植物、挺水植物+浮水植物、挺水植物片植、单层乔木片植、草本+挺水植物、乔木+灌木+草本6种配置模式。     

Combined use of LiDAR data and multispectral earth observation imagery for wetland habitat mapping

Although wetlands play a key role in controlling flooding and nonpoint source pollution, sequestering carbon and providing an abundance of ecological services, the inventory and characterization of wetland habitats are most often limited to small areas. This explains why the understanding of their ecological functioning is still insufficient for a reliable functional assessment on areas larger than a few hectares. While LiDAR data and multispectral Earth Observation (EO) images are often used separately to map wetland habitats, their combined use is currently being assessed for different habitat types. The aim of this study is to evaluate the combination of multispectral and multiseasonal imagery and LiDAR data to precisely map the distribution of wetland habitats. The image classification was performed combining an object-based approach and decision-tree modeling. Four multispectral images with high (SPOT-5) and very high spatial resolution (Quickbird, KOMPSAT-2, aerial photographs) were classified separately. Another classification was then applied integrating summer and winter multispectral image data and three layers derived from LiDAR data: vegetation height, microtopography and intensity return. The comparison of classification results shows that some habitats are better identified on the winter image and others on the summer image (overall accuracies = 58.5 and 57.6%). They also point out that classification accuracy is highly improved (overall accuracy = 86.5%) when combining LiDAR data and multispectral images. Moreover, this study highlights the advantage of integrating vegetation height, microtopography and intensity parameters in the classification process. This article demonstrates that information provided by the synergetic use of multispectral images and LiDAR data can help in wetland functional assessment