Momentum Transfer and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budgets within a Dense Model Canopy

Second-order closure models for the canopy sublayer (CSL) employ aset of closure schemes developed for `free-air' flow equations andthen add extra terms to account for canopy related processes. Muchof the current research thrust in CSL closure has focused on thesecanopy modifications. Instead of offering new closure formulationshere, we propose a new mixing length model that accounts for basicenergetic modes within the CSL. Detailed flume experiments withcylindrical rods in dense arrays to represent a rigid canopy areconducted to test the closure model. We show that when this lengthscale model is combined with standard second-order closureschemes, first and second moments, triple velocity correlations,the mean turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, and the wakeproduction are all well reproduced within the CSL provided thedrag coefficient (C_D) is well parameterized. The maintheoretical novelty here is the analytical linkage betweengradient-diffusion closure schemes for the triple velocitycorrelation and non-local momentum transfer via cumulant expansionmethods. We showed that second-order closure models reproducereasonably well the relative importance of ejections and sweeps onmomentum transfer despite their local closure approximations.Hence, it is demonstrated that for simple canopy morphology (e.g.,cylindrical rods) with well-defined length scales, standard closureschemes can reproduce key flow statistics without much revision.When all these results are taken together, it appears that thepredictive skills of second-order closure models are not limitedby closure formulations; rather, they are limited by our abilityto independently connect the drag coefficient and the effectivemixing length to the canopy roughness density. With rapidadvancements in laser altimetry, the canopy roughness densitydistribution will become available for many terrestrialecosystems. Quantifying the sheltering effect, the homogeneity andisotropy of the drag coefficient, and more importantly, thecanonical mixing length, for such variable roughness density isstill lacking.     

Probabilistic comparison between turbulence closure model and Bulk Richardson Number approach for ABL height estimation using copula

In this paper, a numerical study has been carried out to assess changes in Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) height under changing hydro-climatic conditions. ABL height is estimated by using the data from experiments conducted at three different sites- LAnd Surface Process EXperiment (LASPEX-97) in Sabarmati river basin, Gujarat, India, during 1997; Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) in Lannemezan, France, during 2011 and Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) in Tucson at Arizona, USA, during 2011. Here ABL height is estimated, during Intensive Observation Period (IOP), using 1-D turbulence closure model at all three site locations as well as following the Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) Approach. For LASPEX-97 only, the 1-D model with module for sub-surface processes coupled with upper-surface model is used for the estimation and compared with the only upper-surface model. ABL height, estimated by the coupled model, is found to be slightly higher than that by the un-coupled model. A copula-based analysis indicates that ABL height estimated by the 1-D model and same by BRN-based approach are statistically similar within 90% confidence interval (CI) under similar stratification condition. Thus, it validates the 1-D turbulence closure model for ABL height estimation. The sensitivity analysis of height of ABL, derived by 1-D model, against critical parameters reveals that surface condition (soil temperature) is more critical than atmospheric condition (net radiation) in forcing change on height of ABL in summer.     

Retention of Precambrian Rb/Sr phlogopite ages through Caledonian eclogite facies metamorphism, Bergen Arc Complex, W-Norway

The Lindås Nappe, Caledonides W-Norway was affected by two major tectonometamorphic events. A Precambrian granulite facies event at T=800–900°C, P<10 kbar was followed by localized Caledonian eclogite facies (T=650–700°C and P>15 kbar) and localized amphibolite facies reworking. During the granulite–eclogite facies transition, anorthositic rocks were converted from garnet granulites to kyanite eclogites, while phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite reacted to garnet lherzolite. The eclogite and amphibolite facies reequilibration took place along shear zones and fluid pathways. In the unhydrated and undeformed parts, the minerals preserved their granulite facies composition with constant Fe/Mg ratios from core to rim, suggesting diffusional reequilibration. Rb/Sr age dating was carried out on relict granulite facies minerals from three lenses of ultramafites (Alvfjellet, Hundskjeften and Kvamsfjellet). Phlogopite from phlogopite lherzolite at Alvfjellet give 857±9 Ma, while clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite and whole rock from a lherzolite at Hundskjeften yield an age of 842±12 Ma (MSWD=1.9). Clinopyroxene, feldspar, orthopyroxene phlogopite and whole rock from websterite, Kvamsfjellet, yield an age of 835±7 Ma (MSWD<1), while clinopyroxene, phlogopite and whole rock from a lherzolite from the same lens gives a result of 882±9 Ma. These results are interpreted as minimum ages for the granulite facies event and only slightly younger than, or overlap with previous U–Pb zircon ages (929±1 Ma) and Sm–Nd garnet–pyroxene ages (890–923 Ma) interpreted to date the end of the granulite facies event. By contrast, ages obtained for the eclogite and amphibolite facies range from 460 (U–Pb, sphene), 440 (Ar–Ar), 419 (U–Pb, zircon) to 410 Ma (Rb/Sr mineral ages).

These results demonstrate that the reopening temperature for the Rb/Sr system in phlogopite–biotite under dry and static high-pressure conditions is, in the given mineral assemblages, at least 650°C, considerably higher than the 300–400°C assumed as the closure temperature of this system. We ascribe this elevated reopening temperature to fluid absent conditions that prevented element transport and rehomogenization.     

分区封闭考勤算法研究

文章简述了员工工时填报对铁路勘察设计企业的现实意义,介绍了铁路勘察设计行业工时管理现状和存在的主要问题,针对虚空不实填报这一关键问题提出了指纹分区封闭考勤解决方案及相应算法,对项目工时网上填报实施必要控制,并在勘察设计企业的项目工时软件系统中成功应用。     

THE GEOMETRY OF MULTIVARIATE OBJECT PREPROCESSING

The geometric properties of three common object-preprocessing transformations(constant sum,orclosure;constant length,or normalization;and maximum value,or ratioing)are investigated.Anargument is made for using absolute values in the constant sum and maximum value transformations.In general,each transformation distorts the shape and dimensionality of patterns in the data:transformed data lie on(C-l)-dimensional surfaces in the original C-dimensional space.A data set thathas been closed by one of these transformations can be reopened if a vector containing the constant sums,constant lengths or maximum values of the original objects was retained.Transformed data sets may befreely interconverted among these three transformations without the loss of information.     

科尔沁草甸草地生长季能量平衡特征

草地生态系统具有植被多样性和较大的气候变异性,研究草地的能量平衡特征对认识草地的生态效应具有重要意义。利用开路涡度相关系统和常规气象观测系统的观测结果,运用最小二乘法、线性回归等方法对科尔沁草甸草地2010年生长季能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明：科尔沁草甸草地生长季能量闭合比率为80.4%,说明该地存在不闭合现象,且闭合度居于同类观测的中上水平,涡度相关观测数据较为可靠。反射率日变化呈先降后升趋势,中午达到最低值,生长季（5-9月）内在0.040-0.120之间波动,整体也呈先降后升趋势,平均值为0.061。净辐射与太阳辐射的比值为0.386,二者呈线性正相关关系。潜热通量是科尔沁草甸草地最主要的能量支出项,其次是感热通量。各分量日变化与净辐射基本相同,呈单峰型变化,日出后开始增加,中午达到最大值,之后开始减小,峰值及其出现的时间稍有不同。两种典型天气下,各分量占净辐射比例次序与生长季平均情况相同。晴天时各分量与净辐射相同,呈单峰型,而阴天时变化规律均不明显。     

准噶尔盆地车拐地区红车断裂带封闭性评价

本次研究采用断面正应力大小、泥岩削刮比(SGR)、断裂带充填物泥质含量(Rm)和断面紧闭指数等定量参数,对车拐地区红车断裂封闭性进行了详细评价。结果显示泥岩削刮比(SGR)均值为0.6,断裂带充填物泥质含量(Rm)均值为0.51,泥质充填程度较高,断面正应力大小变化不大,为69.54~73.11MPa,整体较大,紧闭指数为1.28~8.25,均值为3.98。从而认为准噶尔盆地车拐地区红车断裂带二叠系及三叠系封闭性较好,侏罗系封闭性差。红车断裂带中部、北部断层封闭性较好,而发育于浅部乌尔禾组、三工河组内的小断层在现今及油气成藏期的封闭性也普遍较好。     

积云参数化方案研究的现状

对现有的广泛使用的１１种积云参数化方案进行综述,侧重于它们的热力学特点和它们的优缺点,并对目前积云参数化的研究进行讨论。     

沧州市封停深层地下水井效果及水位回升机制分析

以沧州市2005年以来封停自备井前后深层地下水水位下降、回升数据为基础,通过对深层地下水补给与释水机制及其开采过程中激发释水效应的剖析,揭示深层地下水自然释水和开采条件下释水的规律,研究本区域深层地下水水位变化原因,为深层地下水保护和修复提出措施.     

A closure study of sub-micrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behaviour

The hygroscopic properties of sub-micrometer aerosol particles were studied in connection with a ground-based cloud experiment at Great Dun Fell, in northern England in 1995. Hygroscopic diameter growth factors were measured with a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (TDMA) for dry particle diameters between 35 and 265 nm at one of the sites upwind of the orographic cloud. An external mixture consisting of three groups of particles, each with different hygroscopic properties, was observed. These particle groups were denoted less-hygroscopic, more-hygroscopic and sea spray particles and had average diameter growth factors of 1.11–1.15, 1.38–1.69 and 2.08–2.21 respectively when taken from a dry state to a relative humidity of 90%. Average growth factors increased with dry particle size. A bimodal hygroscopic behaviour was observed for 74–87% of the cases depending on particle size. Parallel measurements of dry sub-micrometer particle number size distributions were performed with a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS). The inorganic ion aerosol composition was determined by means of ion chromatography analysis of samples collected with Berner-type low pressure cascade impactors at ambient conditions. The number of ions collected on each impactor stage was predicted from the size distribution and hygroscopic growth data by means of a model of hygroscopic behaviour assuming that only the inorganic substances interacted with the ambient water vapour. The predicted ion number concentration was compared with the actual number of all positive and negative ions collected on the various impactor stages. For the impactor stage which collected particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.17–0.53 μm at ambient relative humidity, and for which all pertinent data was available for the hygroscopic closure study, the predicted ion concentrations agreed with the measured values within the combined measurement and model uncertainties for all cases but one. For this impactor sampling occasion, the predicted ion concentration was significantly higher than the measured. The air mass in which this sample was taken had undergone extensive photochemical activity which had probably produced hygroscopically active material other than inorganic ions, such as organic oxygenated substances.