四川盐边稗子田志留系与泥盆系的界线划分及地质意义

四川省盐边县北部稗子田地区的志留系发育良好,牙形刺化石极为丰富,与上覆泥盆系连续沉积,并呈整合接触。该剖面为我国扬子区较为理想的志留纪地层剖面,其代表和反映了扬子区西部一种新的断陷盆地碳酸盐岩沉积类型,丰富了区内志留系的研究内容。
笔者详细记述了稗子田志留系至下泥盆统下部剖面的岩性特征和生物化石的垂直分布状况,在此基础上建立和完善区内新的地层系统,提出地层划分的对比依据和建议。新方案除对志留系底的黑色硅质碳质页岩沿用龙马溪组这一岩石地层单位名称外,其上的碳酸盐岩均重新划分和建立了新的岩石地层单位,并确定其涵义和时限标准。
新的地层划分和对比方案,下志留统自下而上包括龙马溪组、国胜组和乡涧组;中志留统下部为下稗子田组,中志留统上部至上志留统下部为上稗子田组;上志留统上部为沟口组;顶志留统为岩口组;下泥盆统自下而上为榕树组和小梁子组。     

Experimental study of the breaking limit of multi-directional random waves passing over an impermeable submerged breakwater

This study investigates experimentally the breaking wave height of multi-directional random waves passing over an impermeable submerged breakwater. Experiments have been conducted in a three-dimensional wave basin equipped with a multi-directional random wave generator. A special type of wave gauge has been newly devised to record the water surface elevations in the breaker zone as accurately as possible. The records are analyzed to estimate the location and limit of wave breaking. Comparisons have also been made with the results of regular waves. The influence of the incident wave conditions on the breaking wave height normalized by the breakwater dimensions has been investigated. Empirical formulae have been presented to estimate the breaking limit of multi-directional random waves based on the experimental records. The formulae have been tested and found to work well not only for multi-directional random waves, but for regular waves as well.     

Large aperture seismic imaging at a convergent margin: Techniques and results from the Costa Rica seismogenic zone

In March and April 1995 a cooperative German, Costa Rican, and United States research team recorded onshore-offshore seismic data sets along the Pacific margin of Costa Rica using the R/V Ewing. Off the Nicoya Peninsula we used a linear array of ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones (OBS/H) with onshore seismometers extending across much of the isthmus. In the central area we deployed an OBS/H areal array consisting of 30 instruments over a 9 km by 35-km area and had land stations on the Nicoya Peninsula adjacent to this marine array and also extending northeast on the main Costa Rican landmass. Our goal in these experiments was to determine the crustal velocity structure along different portions of this convergent margin and to use the dense instrument deployments to create migrated reflection images of the plate boundary zone and the subducting Cocos Plate. Our specific goal in the central area was to determine whether a subducted seamount is present at the location of the 1990, M 7 earthquake off the Nicoya Peninsula and can thus be linked to its nucleation. Subsequently we have processed the data to improve reflection signals, used the data to calculate crustal velocity models, and developed several wide-aperture migration techniques, based on a Kirchhoff algorithm, to produce reflection images. Along the northern transect we used the ocean bottom data to construct a detailed crustal velocity model, but reflections from the plate boundary and top and bottom of the subducting Cocos plate are difficult to identify and have so far produced poor images. In contrast, the land stations along this same transect recorded clear reflections from the top of the subducting plate or plate boundary, within the seismogenic zone, and we have constructed a clear image from this reflector beneath the Nicoya shelf. Data from the 3-D seismic experiment suffer from high-amplitude, coherent noise (arrivals other than reflections), and we have tried many techniques to enhance the signal to noise ratio of reflected arrivals. Due to the noise, an apparent lack of strong reflections from the plate boundary zone, and probable structural complexity, the resulting 3-D images only poorly resolve the top of the subducting Cocos Plate. The images are not able to provide compelling evidence of whether there is a subducting seamount at the 1990 earthquake hypocenter. Our results do show that OBS surveys are capable of creating images of the plate boundary zone and the subducting plate well into the seismogenic zone if coherent reflections are recorded at 1.8 km instrument spacing (2-D) and 5 km inline by 1 km crossline spacing for 3-D acquisition. However, due to typical high amplitude coherent noise, imaging results may be poorer than expected, especially in unfavorable geologic settings such as our 3-D survey area. More effective noise reduction in acquisition, possibly with the use of vertical hydrophone arrays, and in processing, with advanced multiple removal and possibly depth filtering, is required to achieve the desired detailed images of the seismogenic plate boundary zone.     

北极薄冰-煎饼冰区域中不同重力波驱动形成海流的敏感性分析

A coupled ocean-ice-wave model is used to study ice-edge jet and eddy genesis during surface gravity wave dissipation in a frazil-pancake ice zone. With observational data from the Beaufort Sea, possible wave dissipation processes are evaluated using sensitivity experiments. As wave energy dissipated, energy was transferred into ice floe through radiation stress. Later, energy was in turn transferred into current through ocean-ice interfacial stress. Since most of the wave energy is dissipated at the ice edge, ice-edge jets, which contained strong horizontal shear, appeared both in the ice zone and the ocean. Meanwhile, the wave propagation direction determines the velocity partition in the along-ice-edge and cross-ice-edge directions, which in turn determines the strength of the along-ice-edge jet and cross-ice-edge velocity. The momentum applied in the along-ice-edge(cross-ice-edge)direction increased(decreased) with larger incident angle, which is favorable condition for producing stronger mesoscale eddies, vice versa. The dissipation rate increases(decreases) with larger(smaller) wavenumber, which enhances(reduces) the jet strength and the strength of the mesoscale eddy. The strong along-ice-edge jet may extend to a deep layer(> 200 m). If the water depth is too shallow(e.g., 80 m), the jet may be largely dampened by bottom drag, and no visible mesoscale eddies are found. The results suggest that the bathymetry and incident wavenumber(magnitude and propagation direction) are important for wave-driven current and mesoscale eddy genesis.     

我国主要育珠贝(蚌)贝壳珍珠层的扫描电子显微镜研究

采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对我国海水马氏珍珠贝Pinctada martensi(Dunker），大珠母贝Pinctada maxima(Jameson）、企鹅珍珠贝Pteria penguin(Roeding）和淡水三角帆蚌Hy-riopsis cumingii（Lea）贝壳珍珠层内层面的形貌特征进行了研究，结果表明，4种贝壳珍珠层均呈砖墙式结构，珍珠层中文五笔型小板片呈不规则多边形至六边形，直径为1.3-4.5μm，厚度0.35-0.85μm，同一种类贝壳中文石小板片的形状及粒径均匀一致，反映了生物矿物化的特殊性。珍珠层沿壳内层面与棱柱层过滤带中均存在初始生长的文石小晶体结构排列较混乱的现象，与成熟珍珠层中文石小板片的定向排列结构明显不同。     

大沽河地下咸淡水过渡带的水-岩作用模拟

大沽河是青岛市最大的地下水源地,过量开采导致严重的地下咸水入侵,研究地下咸-淡水的地球化学作用对于地下咸水的治理具有重要的指导作用。本文选取大沽河地下咸淡水过渡带作为研究区,在地下水动态监测的基础上,通过地下水水质和含水介质矿物分析,借助当前成熟的水文地球化学模拟软件—PHREEQC 2.0,计算地下水中主要离子和络合离子的含量,定量确定矿物的饱和指数和地下水流向上矿物相与水之间的物质交换量。研究结果表明:(1)地下水中钠、钾、镁、钙主要以单一离子形态存在,硫、碳主要以络阴离子形态存在,而硅和铝主要以络合物形态存在;(2)在地下水流动路径上,方解石、白云石、伊利石、高岭土处于过饱和状态;而石膏、CO2、氯化钠、萤石、玉髓处于不饱和状态;(3)咸淡水过渡带地下水化学类型由HCO3-Ca·Na型水向Cl-Na型水转变的趋势。     

A Nonlinear Model of Surf Beat

A nonlinear short-wave-averaged (surf beat) model is presented. The model is based on that of Roelvink (1993), but the numerical techniques used in the solution are based on the so-called weighted-averaged flux (WAF) method (eg Watson et al., 1992), with time-operator splitting used for the treatment of some of the source terms. This method allows a small number of computational points to be used, and is particularly efficient in modelling breaking long waves. The short-wave (or primary-wave) energy equation is solved using a more traditional Lax-Wendroff technique. Results of validation indicate that the model performs satisfactorily in most respects.     

东海陆架外缘隆起带地质构造特征

根据地质、地球物理及钻探资料，结合周边区域地质资料，论证东海外缘隆起带前中中新世基底岩系组成及地质构造特征。     

Whether human-induced activities could change the gradient pattern of coastal land use along the sea-land direction: a case study in Manila Bay,Philippines

Increasing intense human activities have largely changed the coastal landscape and caused many environmental issues. However, whether human-induced activities could change the coastal land use gradient pattern, an important coastal zonal characteristic along the sea–land direction, remains unclear. Manila Bay was selected as the study area in this work. According to the distance of the land use and land cover(LULC) to the coastline, we clustered the typical coastal land use sequence patterns(CLU...     

复杂载荷作用下立管触地段损伤管道的动力响应

触地段(Touchdown zone, TDZ)是在役钢悬链线立管(Steel catenary riser, SCR)的关键部位,在复杂载荷作用下,极易形成损伤缺陷,其载荷寿命的评估是深海结构工程中的一个关键问题。本文以大型有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,运用损伤管道实体单元与土弹簧阻尼单元相互作用的模型模拟触地段损伤海底管道在复杂载荷作用下的动力响应,数值计算考虑了管-土相互作用过程中的材料非线性、几何非线性以及接触非线性。讨论了单一环向体积损伤位于触地段管道的不同位置时,触地段损伤管道在不同载荷作用下的动力特性及特征点的动力响应。结果表明,管道所受内外压力以及管道提升端的竖向位移载荷会影响结构的自振频率;体积损伤部位的动力响应较完好部位更剧烈;体积损伤的位置和动力载荷频率对管道动力放大系数的影响很大;当动力载荷的激励频率越接近结构基频时,损伤管道的动力响应及动力放大系数越大。