Spatial pattern and compositive structure of forests in Guizhou

Remote-sensing and field data of Guizhou forest resources in 2000 are processed using ArcGIS, with the production of forest resource distribution map, forest age class structure map, and forest canopy distribution map. Analysis of these data shows that: (1) though there are multiple types of forest resources, forest coverage is low (only 25.27%, excluding sparse woodland, shrub and underage-forest); (2) the geographical distribution of forests is quite uneven, mainly in the southeast of the province and in Zunyi prefecture; (3) the zonal evergreen broad-leaved forests have been seriously destroyed, with striking secondary features, i.e., coniferous forest and shrubbery account for the greatest proportion of Guizhou forests; (4) the timber-forest is much larger in area than shelter-forest and economic forest; (5) young-and-middle aged forests are more widely distributed than near-and-over matured forest; and (6) the forest of Guizhou is not enough to effectively protect the environment of karst mountain areas of the province.     

明月江的森林水文效应研究

利用明月江水文站网观测资料，采用５个森林水文评价指标，检验９个对比年与１个对比时段共计５０个评价项目表明：明月江随着森林生态环境的改善及森林覆盖率的提高，枯水流量、年径流与径流年内的均匀程度均有较大增加，而河川含沙量则有所减少，反应了森林涵养水源、保持水土、调节径流年内分配的森林水文效应。     

珠三角风水林植物群落研究及其在生态公益林建设中的应用价值

对珠三角地区30种风水林植物群落进行了标准地调查,调查研究结果表明：珠三角地区风水林植物群落的植物种类共698种,隶属于124个科399个属。说明该地区风水林植物群落的植物种类丰富,而且是以樟科、茶科、桃金娘科、锦葵科、大戟科的植物为主。并在30种风水林类型植物群落全面进行调查研究的基础上,利用调查研究的成果,特别是风水林植物群落的树种组成和植被类型信息,进一步分析了风水林在生态公益林建设上的参考价值,提出了生态公益林建设可以借鉴的树种选择及混交组合。     

中国大陆科学钻探100-2000m超高压变质岩普通Pb同位素地球化学初步研究——俯冲陆壳内脱耦的证据

本文首次对中国大陆科学钻探工程100～2000m榴辉岩中的绿辉石和片麻岩中的长石进行了普通Pb同位素研究。钻孔上部岩段（0-800m）样品放射成因Pb同位素含量比较高且变化幅度较小（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．81-17．29,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．37-15．45,^208Pb／^204Pb=37．20-37．66）,说明其原岩的U／Pb和Th／Pb或者初始Pb同位素比值比较高。钻孔中部岩段（800-1600m）发育有韧性剪切带,相应的Pb同位素比值开始降低且有起伏（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．26-16．72,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．27～15．38,^208Pb／^204Pb=36．73～37．40）、钻孔下部岩段（800～1600m）样品放射成因Ph同位素含量低但变化幅度较小（^206Pb／^204Pb=16.05～16．46,^207Pb／^204Pb：15．22～15.29,^208Pb／^204Pb=36．68～37．48）,说明其原岩的U／Pb和Th／Pb或者初始Ph同位素比值比较低。实测数据同模拟数据对比表明,钻孔上、下两岩段样品普通Ph同位素不同一方面是由于继承了原岩初始Pb同位素不同,另一方面是由它们的μ值不同所致。结合氧同位素研究,本文认为800m以上和1600m以下分属上地壳和中地壳．前者是从俯冲大陆岩石圈解耦的上地壳,在大陆岩石圈俯冲过程中,上部岩片同俯冲的大陆岩石圈发生挤离,率先沿着这一个挤离面逆冲折返至浅部。下岩片是随后从俯冲岩石圈解耦的中地壳岩片,并折返至浅部下伏在先期折返的上部岩片之下。考虑到中部岩段（800～1600m）既发育有韧性剪切带又具有异常低^18O峰值（Xiao et al．,2006）,挤离面是在地壳内部晚元古代的断裂带及冷水活动通道基础上发育起来的。     

祁连山北坡青海云杉林生境特征分析

青海云杉林分布格局深受环境影响,量化其分布与环境之间的关系对该种群管理、恢复与重建具有重要的意义,但目前仍然缺乏量化研究成果。本研究选择祁连山北坡青海云杉林为研究对象,以数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和青海云杉林分布图为基础数据,利用地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析方法,着重量化分析祁连山青海云杉林的生态幅度和地形特征,得出祁连山北坡青海云杉生境的气候边界函数,并界定青海云杉林分布的海拔、坡度以及坡向范围。该项研究目的在于数量化表达青海云杉林空间分布的气候和地形幅度,为退耕退牧还林提供科学支撑,为气候变化条件下青海云杉林的响应研究奠定基础。     

Comparison of streamflow recession between plantations and native forests in small catchments in Central-Southern Chile

In central Chile, many communities rely on water obtained from small catchments in the coastal mountains. Water security for these communities is most vulnerable during the summer dry season and, from 2010 to 2017, rainfall during the dry season was between 20% and 40% below the long-term average. The rate of decrease in stream flow after a rainfall event is a good measure of the risk of flow decreasing below a critical threshold. This risk of low flow can be quantified using a recession coefficient (α) that is the slope of an exponential decay function relating flow to time since rainfall. A mathematical model was used to estimate the recession coefficient (α) for 142 rainstorm events (64 in summer; 78 in winter) in eight monitored catchments between 2008 and 2017. These catchments all have a similar geology and extend from 35 to 39 degrees of latitude south in the coastal range of south-central Chile. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to test for differences between the mean value of α for different regions and forest types in winter and summer. The value of α did not differ (p < 0.05) between catchments in winter. Some differences were observed during summer and these were attributed to morphological differences between catchments and, in the northernmost catchments, the effect of land cover (native forest and plantation). Moreover, α for catchments with native forest was similar to those with pine plantations, although there was no difference (p < 0.05) between these and Eucalyptus plantations. The recession constant is a well-established method for understanding the effect of climate and disturbance on low flows and baseflows and can enhance local and regional analyses of hydrological processes. Understanding the recession of flow after rainfall in small headwater catchments, especially during summer, is vital for water resources management in areas where the establishment of plantations has occurred in a drying climate.     

由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场

利用多个小地震的P波初动方向数据推断了新疆和西藏部分地区主应力轴的方向.根据以前华北、东部大陆和西南地区的工作结果,对个别地区补充新数据后重新作了分析;加上本文关于新疆和西藏地区的新结果,编制了我国大陆的地震构造应力场方向图.利用Brillinger等的概率模型,估计了用多个地震P波初动方向推断平均P、T轴的误差.讨论了单个大地震震源机制解的P轴与所在地区平均P轴方位角的差异.总结了我国大陆地震构造应力场的主要特征.     

一种新的地质地貌景观类型——西藏札达盆地古格地貌的特征与成因初探

札达盆地位于西藏西南边陲,构造上处于喜马拉雅断块挠起带头部内侧,呈NW-SE走向,长约1000km,宽约70km,总面积约40000km2,海拔约4500m.盆地中地层呈明显的二元结构特征.基底岩石为三叠纪-侏罗纪灰岩、砂岩和板岩,盖层为上新世-早更新世早期沉积的固结和半固结岩石,因受喜马拉雅断块挠起运动的影响,形成NW、NE和近EW、SN向等多组节理裂隙.晚新生代以来,盆地上升,在构造节理的主导下,穿越盆地的象泉河及其支流对岩石地层进行侵蚀、切割,在雨水的淋蚀、寒冻风化的剥蚀作用下,逐渐形成现今大小不同和形态奇特的半固结砂泥岩塔林地貌景观-古格地貌,这是中国地质地貌景观的一种新类型.     

基于“低碳经济”背景下的中国企业发展浅析

阐述低碳经济产生的背景及内涵,在此基础上分析中国企业发展低碳经济的必然趋势及发展低碳经济的限制性因素。最后提出:面对低碳化浪潮,中国企业已难以置身事外,发展低碳经济需要的并不仅仅是政府政策的鼓励,更需要企业的率先推行。