Modeling and assessing land-use and hydrological processes to future land-use and climate change scenarios in watershed land-use planning

Effective information regarding environmental responses to future land-use and climate change scenarios provides useful support for decision making in land use planning, management and policies. This study developed an approach for modeling and examining the impacts of future land-use and climate change scenarios on streamflow, surface runoff and groundwater discharge using an empirical land-use change model, a watershed hydrological model based on various land use policies and climate change scenarios in an urbanizing watershed in Taiwan. The results of the study indicated that various demand and conversion policies had different levels of impact on hydrological components in all land-use scenarios in the study watershed. Climate changes were projected to have a greater impact in increasing surface runoff and reducing groundwater discharge than are land use changes. Additionally, the spatial distributions of land-use changes also influenced hydrological processes in both downstream and upstream areas, particularly in the downstream watershed. The impacts on hydrological components when considering both land use and climate changes exceeded those when only considering land use changes or climate changes, particularly on surface runoff and groundwater discharge. However, the proposed approach provided a useful source of information for assessing the responses of land use and hydrological processes to future land use and climate changes.     

国外可持续发展政策研究对我国的启示

详细地剖析了以美、日、欧为代表的发达国家的相关的可持续发展政策,包括经济政策、产业政策和人口政策,并分析了这些政策对我国的启示,最后提出应该借鉴他国经验,从市场和政府两方面着手,不仅要积极发挥市场手段实施可持续发展,而且政府应当创造规则引导市场,同时提出应进一步完善可持续发展的人口政策.     

California's evolution toward integrated regional water management: a long-term view

Water resources sustainability hinges on interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and human processes, all of which may affect the quantity and quality of available water supplies. California's decades-long transition process from intensive and often unmanaged groundwater development toward more effective, sustainable integrated water resources management has resulted in important lessons. The process offers insights to other countries that seek to achieve sustainability. Long-term systematic groundwater and surface water monitoring programs and ongoing assessment of regional groundwater systems are an integral part of management. On local to global scales, the need for fundamental data, regional resources assessments, and increased support for scientific and technological advances is becoming increasingly apparent. The scientific community must enhance society's understanding of the essential links between basic data needs and the advancement and application of scientific approaches for effective water management. Correspondingly, scientific and political communities must coordinate common interests in endeavors toward sustainable management. Public outreach is a necessary complement to achieve sustainability goals and garner support for the programs needed to develop water policies based on sound science, manage water resources, and meet future water demands while avoiding unacceptable impacts.

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Resumen La sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos gira sobre procesos interrelacionados físicos, químicos, biológicos y humanos, todos los cuales pueden afectar la cantidad y calidad de fuentes disponibles de agua. El proceso de transición de varias décadas que ha experimentado California, a partir de un desarrollo intensivo y frecuentemente carente de gestión de aguas subterráneas, hacia una gestión más efectiva, sostenible e integrada de recursos hídricos ha dado por resultado lecciones importantes. Este proceso ofrece alternativas para otros países que buscan alcanzar sostenibilidad. Los programas de monitoreo sistemático a largo plazo de agua superficial y agua subterránea, y las evaluaciones actuales de sistemas regionales de agua subterránea constituyen una parte integral de la gestión. Se hace cada vez más evidente, a escala global y local, la necesidad de datos básicos, evaluaciones regionales de recursos, y apoyo creciente para avances científicos y tecnológicos. La comunidad científica tiene que estimular el entendimiento de la sociedad de las relaciones fundamentales entre las necesidades de datos básicos y los avances y aplicación de enfoques científicos para un manejo efectivo del agua. Del mismo modo, las comunidades científicas y políticas tienen que coordinar intereses comunes en los esfuerzos hacia una gestión sostenible. El involucramiento del público es un complemento necesario para alcanzar los objetivos de sostenibilidad y obtener apoyo para los programas necesarios que permitan desarrollar políticas hídricas basadas en ciencia sana, gestión de recursos hídricos, y alcanzar las demandas futuras de agua mientras se evitan impactos inaceptables.

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Résumé La durabilité des ressources en eau est à la charnière de processus physiques, chimiques, biologiques et humains, tous inter-reliés et à même d'affecter la quantité et la qualité de la disponibilité en eau d'alimentation. Les processus de transition décadaires en Californie, entre un développement intensif et non contrôlé des eaux souterraines, à un système plus rentable et durable de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, a permis de conclure sur d'importantes leçons. Ce processus offre, en effet, des perspicacités à d'autres pays qui cherchent à concrétiser la durabilité. Les programmes systématiques de surveillance des eaux souterraines et de surface, sur le long terme, font parti intégrant de ce type de gestion. De l'échelle locale à l'échelle globale, la nécessité de données fondamentales, de bilans régionaux des ressources, et d'un support croissant aux avancées scientifiques et techniques, est devenu de plus en plus apparent. La communauté scientifique doit améliorer la compréhension de la société, en ce qui concerne les liens essentiels entre le besoin de données et l'avancement et l'application des approches scientifiques pour une gestion efficace de l'eau. De la même manière, les communautés scientifiques et politiques doivent coordonner leurs intérêts communs en se démenant pour une gestion durable. La mobilisation du publique est un complément nécessaire pour accomplir les objectifs de la durabilité, et rassembler le support aux besoins des programmes, de manière à développer des politiques de l'eau basées sur une science juste, à gérer les ressources en eau et satisfaire les futures demandes tout en évitant des impacts non acceptables.

     

Gender, geography and policy: the conundrums of engagement

This paper contemplates the relationship between the discipline of geography, and the making of public policy. It is particularly concerned with the compatibilities and incompatibilities of the nature of academic knowledge production and public policy development. As such, we contribute to an ongoing debate among geographers regarding whether and how they should engage with policy, and utilize examples from our involvement in the Metropolis Project, a Canadian initiative based on interdisciplinary research networks linked to government and public service agencies involved in immigrant settlement. We argue ultimately that geographers do need to engage politically with policymaking, but that the manner in which to do this is never straightforward, but rather takes place across institutional, ideological, and political landscapes that are perpetually shifting. Finally we suggest some helpful tools from feminist methodologies with which to approach policy-related issues.     

Locational and socio-economic variation in public perceptions of economics and the environment

Government policies for the use of publicly owned environmental resources in Australia are often justified as being for the economic good of the nation. Yet there has been little enquiry about how Australians perceive economic good in the context of the use of environmental resources. The residents of five State government electorates of Perth and one in regional south west Western Australia were surveyed. Their perceptions of economics, the environment and resources in relation to public policy were assessed. The differences in the responses were greater between the different electorates, than between the different socio-economic strata within the same electorate. This paper examines the spatial variability of the results and raises the possibility of developing a socio-locational indicator of attitudes which could provide a tool for policy implementation.     

官厅水库跨区域水质改善政策的冲突分析

对永定河流域官厅水库跨区域的水资源冲突问题进行了分析,并利用F H冲突分析方法建立了模型。模型中将中央政府、上游政府、下游政府作为三个局中人,通过对局中人的偏好向量和结局稳定性分析,从18种局中人可选策略中优化得到2种均衡结局——完全合作结局和部分合作结局。其中完全合作结局,即北京市采用激励策略和控制策略、上游完全削减污染物,下游负担部分费用,合作结局最有可能发生。     

Neighbourhoods and area statistics in the post 2001 census era

This paper examines the current interest in neighbourhood-based policy in England and considers the extent to which the output geography developed for the 2001 census helps to meet the need for neighbourhood-based data. The characteristics of the new census output geography are presented, and the difficulties of creating meaningful neighbourhood geographies from statistical reporting units reviewed. The new geography will provide a much improved basis for the consolidation of data from official administrative sources, but additional challenges are also discussed in relation to the future of census data collection and publication.     

CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION IN THE DECENTRALISATION OF BRAZIL'S WATER RESOURCES: ASSESSING PARTICIPATION IN THREE STATES

Decentralisation, the transfer of powers to a lower level of government, is thought to encourage more efficient and equitable management of natural resources. Participation of civil society organisations (CSOs) is considered critical to create positive outcomes of decentralisation. Here we examine aspects of civil society participation in decentralised management using the case of Brazil's water resources management. Several Brazilian states have enacted reforms mandating watershed committees in which the participation of civil society is either encouraged or required. However, actual participation of civil society is not yet well understood. To assess participation, we collected qualitative data on watershed districts in three Brazilian states (Bahia, Paraná and São Paulo). Our findings reaffirm the importance of the state in establishing a transparent legal framework to encourage participation and in defining “civil society”. The ability of civil society leaders to obtain and deploy local environmental knowledge, which frames environmental issues in new geographical scales, is useful to achieve the efficiency and efficacy objectives of decentralisation. However, by “upscaling” political activities beyond decentralisation's new territories, CSOs could make decentralisation irrelevant to local environmental issues.     

浅谈行政管理与科研服务

行政管理与科研服务,是我们各行各业从事社会生产、社会生活的人们热心关注的话题。无论是改革开放还是科学研究,乃至国民经济建设,都离不开他。因此,必须要有一支最佳的管理人员队伍为科研人员服务,本文结合本机关的工作特点和个人的实践,从三方面进行论述,并浅谈一下应如何做好行政管理工作的问题。