Channel bed steps and pool shapes along Soda Creek, Three Sisters Wilderness, Oregon

Field study of bedrock step–pool systems along the upper reaches of Soda Creek in the Three Sisters Wilderness of Oregon shows strong correlation between several form variables (shape) and channel slope. Although step height and step length showed no regular spacing and variable correlation with channel slope, length to height ratios demonstrated strong negative correlations: steep slopes (20% to 80%) featured greater step height and shorter pool lengths than did flatter channel slopes. Correlations between step height to length ratios and channel slope varied between three lithologies. Explained variations ranged from 0.984 for the oldest channel steps developed in basalt, to 0.982 for steps of intermediate age developed in andesite, to 0.964 for the youngest steps developed in dacite. Sample size was 57, 40, and 33, respectively. The frequency of pool shape classes did not vary by lithology, but specific shape classes developed under differing slope conditions by rock type. All pool classes have adjusted (developed) their form to maximize resistance to flow H/L/S, and they have done so in remarkably uniform fashion.     

Logistic analysis of channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding, and incising

A large and geographically diverse data set consisting of meandering, braiding, incising, and post-incision equilibrium streams was used in conjunction with logistic regression analysis to develop a probabilistic approach to predicting thresholds of channel pattern and instability. An energy-based index was developed for estimating the risk of channel instability associated with specific stream power relative to sedimentary characteristics. The strong significance of the 74 statistical models examined suggests that logistic regression analysis is an appropriate and effective technique for associating basic hydraulic data with various channel forms. The probabilistic diagrams resulting from these analyses depict a more realistic assessment of the uncertainty associated with previously identified thresholds of channel form and instability and provide a means of gauging channel sensitivity to changes in controlling variables.     

Scales of boundary resistance in coarse-grained channels: turbulent velocity profiles and implications

Gravel-bed surfaces are characterized by morphological features occurring at different roughness scales. The total shear stress generated by the flow above such surfaces is balanced by the sum of friction drag (grain stress) and form drag components (created by bed forms). To facilitate a better understanding of total resistance and bed load transport processes, there is a need to mathematically separate shear stress into its component parts. One way to do so is to examine the properties of vertical velocity profiles above such surfaces. These profiles are characterized by an inner layer that reflects grain resistance and an outer layer that reflects total resistance. A flume-based project was conducted to address these concerns through systematically comparing different roughness scales to ascertain how increased roughness affects the properties of vertical velocity profiles. Great care was taken to create natural roughness features and to obtain flow data at a high spatial and temporal resolution using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter.Average vertical velocity profiles above each roughness scale were clearly segmented. The vertical extent of the inner flow region was directly related to the scale of roughness present on the bed (and independent of flow depth), increasing with increased roughness. On a rough but rather uniform “plane” bed made of heterogeneous coarse sediments (with no bed forms), the shape of the velocity profile was clearly dominated by the local variations in grain characteristics. When pebble clusters were superimposed, the average shear stress in the outer flow region increased by 100% from the plane bed conditions. The ratio of inner grain shear stress to outer total shear stress for this pebble cluster experiment was 0.18 under shallow flow conditions and 0.3 under deep flow conditions. The grain stress component that should be used in bed load transport equations therefore appears to vary in these experiments between 15% and 30% of the total channel stress, increasing with decreased resistance. Roughness height (K_s/D₅₀) values at the grain scale for the plane bed and pebble cluster experiments were 0.73 and 0.63, respectively. These are values that should be used in flow resistance equations to predict grain resistance and grain stress for bed load transport modeling.     

Effects of large floods on sediment transport and reach morphology in the cobble-bed Sainte Marguerite River

Sediment transport rates were estimated for two flood events on the cobble-bed Sainte Marguerite River in the Saguenay region, Canada. Morphologic methods were used to derive one set of estimates, and a combination of the Meyer-Peter and Muller equation with a dimensionless sediment transport ratio (after Dietrich et al. [Nature 340 (1989) 215]) was used to derive another set of estimates. Both sets of estimates give consistent results for the first event (which had a decade-scale return period), and for the second event (which was the largest flood on record and had a century-scale return period). The transport occurring during the second event was an order of magnitude greater than that occurring during the first event: despite this disparity in the transport intensity of the two events, the channel morphology remained qualitatively similar. The observed degree of channel stability is attributed to a change of channel pattern and the initiation of bed degradation following channel rectification in the 1960s.     

长江芜湖港岸线资源的遥感调查研究

利用遥感影像进行内河岸线资源研究,迄今国内外甚少。本文利用航、卫片及多年实测资料,通过河道演变与岸线资源的相关分析,基本查明了芜湖港岸线资源的分布、利用现状及变化趋势,在此基础上对芜湖港的岸线资源利用进行了评价,旨在为岸线资源的合理利用提供科学依据。     

大洋性次-中层混合水团隶属函数的拟合及南海水团分析

讨论了铅直向叠置 3层水团 ,即次表层水团、次 中层混合水团和中层水团的分布与水团特征。改进了大洋性次表层水团和中层水团隶属函数的拟合方法 ,并进一步提出包络曲线法用以拟合次 中层混合水团的隶属函数 ,使铅直向叠置 3层水团隶属函数的拟合方法得以配套。应用新方法计算了 3层水团在南海全海域的分布 ,从整体上把握了次表层高盐水团、次 中层混合水团和中层低盐水团在南海中的分布及变化情况 ,讨论了它们的特征、差异和形成原因。     

大洋性次表层和中层水团隶属函数的拟合与应用

本文针对大洋性水团的 T- S曲线族特征 ,提出了拟合其隶属函数的 2种方法——直线定位法和坐标旋转法。把这 2种方法应用于拟合巴士海峡两侧的次表层高盐水团和中层低盐水团的隶属函数并进行了讨论。文中给出了拟合的原理、公式和实例 ,表明它们在分析水团的分布特征、混合变性过程 ,特别是追踪其来源等方面是很有价值的     

Glacial morphology and post-glacial contourites in northern Prince Gustav Channel (NW Weddell Sea,Antarctica)

We present the results of a marine geophysical investigation of the northern Prince Gustav Channel. By comparative analysis of multibeam bathymetric data, single channel seismic reflection profiles, underway chirp sonar data, ADCP current data and sediment coring, we define the main morphological elements of the area. In particular we define the glacial morphogenesis in relation to the excavation of inner shelf basins and troughs along structural discontinuities and lithologic boundaries. We identify streamlined surfaces that testify to the grounding of ice and past ice flow directions. These glacial forms are found only on glacial tills preserved in the deepest part of the basins, while net erosion to bedrock has occurred elsewhere. Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the relict glacial morphology has been draped by hemipelagic and diatomaceous mud, and bottom currents have played a major role in focusing sedimentation within small depocentres, that we define as contouritic drifts. Based on shallow sediment architecture and supported by direct measurements, we propose that the direction of bottom water flow is from the outer shelf into the Prince Gustav channel as a result of a combination of tidal currents and ice shelf-related thermohaline circulation.