东太湖水环境质量调查及保护对策

根据１９９１年２月－１９９４年１０月对太湖的水质监测，分析了东太湖水质现状、变化及发展趋势，并提出一些保护水质的对策。适当网围养鱼对东太湖水质影响不大，相反可延缓东太湖的沼泽和富营养化进程。     

基于集成学习的海岸带变化检测方法研究

随着我国自主研发卫星组网的不断完善,利用遥感变化检测技术进行海岸带变化检测成为海岸带监测的重要手段。针对沿海地区的变化信息提取,文章首先利用多特征构建差异影像,在此基础上采用两种集成学习方式:随机森林（Random Forest）和极端梯度提升（XGBoost）,进行试验区的变化检测,并与传统的机器学习SVM、经典的变化检测方法CVA和IR-MAD进行对比,结果表明集成学习进行变化信息提取效率远超其余方式,且XGBoost在变化信息提取精度方面具有一定优势。研究成果对海岸带及海域使用开展自动化变化监测和海岸带监督管理具有重要意义。     

Stormy geomorphology: an introduction to the Special Issue

The degree to which the climate change signal can be seen in the increasing frequency and/or magnitude of extreme events forms a key part of the global environmental change agenda. Geomorphology engages with this debate through extending the instrumental record with palaeogeomorphological research; studying resilience and recovery of geomorphic systems under extreme disturbance; documenting the mediation by catchment organisation of transport processes during extreme events; applying new monitoring methods to better understand process‐response systems; and illustrating how process, experimental and modelling insights can be used to define the buffering of geomorphic systems and human assets from the effects of extremes, providing practical outcomes for practitioners. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四子王旗冬季采暖期和采暖强度的变化分析

利用四子王旗1971—2015年(10月至次年4月)日平均气温资料,通过线性趋势分析方法、度日法和MannKendall方法,分析近45a四子王旗采暖强度、采暖期长度、采暖初日和采暖终日变化特征,根据《民用建筑采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》(GB50019—2003)的规定确定了理论采暖的初日和终日。分析结果表明:近45a来,四子王旗冬季采暖初日在推迟,终日无明显变化;采暖强度呈显著减少趋势,变化速率为-77.04%;采暖期长度呈现下降趋势,但是下降趋势不显著。     

地电阻率与水位关系的机理分析

从地电阻率的观测理论出发, 指出地电阻率场地的电性结构、 岩石的饱和度和孔隙度决定了地电阻率和水位的关系。 在长期的观测资料基础上, 通过实例系统地分析了地电阻率和水位的关系, 给出了不同层位的水位变化和不同方式的水位变化对地电阻率观测结果的影响, 认为非构造水位变化与地电阻率的关系主要取决于表层土壤或岩石的水饱和度, 构造水位变化与地电阻率变化存在明确的相关关系, 从而进一步探讨了与前兆异常有关的水位和地电阻率变化。     

地缘经济合作背景下的中国磨憨-老挝磨丁口岸地区建设用地扩张

20世纪90年代以来,在地缘经济合作机制的影响下,作为中南半岛唯一的内陆国家,老挝边境地区正在经历以建设用地扩张为主的土地利用与覆被变化（LUCC）。本文以中老磨憨-磨丁口岸为例,基于2016年2月-2018年11月10期Sentinel-2 A/B 10 m分辨率遥感影像,利用面向对象与分类后目视修改相结合方法提取2016-2018年磨憨-磨丁口岸15 km缓冲带的建设用地分布信息,并分析了建设用地的时空变化及国别差异。研究结果表明：① 中老磨憨-磨丁口岸地区经历了阶段性快速发展,由2016年年初的1098.8 hm ²激增到2018年年底的2238.8 hm ²,增加了1140.0 hm ²,其中50.8%的新增建设用地集中在海拔800~1000 m,80.9%在坡度20°以下;② 中国磨憨口岸侧建设用地占研究区建设用地的比重从63.3%递减至54.8%,但仍占规模优势,由695.4 hm ²猛增到1226.7 hm ²,平均增幅6.7%;③ 老挝磨丁口岸侧建设用地增加近1.5倍,从403.4 hm ²剧增到1012.1 hm ²,平均增幅11.1%,占比由36.7%递增到45.2%。可见,日益发展的地缘经济合作是推动中老两国边境地区（特别是口岸）土地利用变化的主要诱因。     

CA-Markov与LCM模型的黄河三角洲湿地变化模拟比较

为了了解黄河三角洲湿地景观类型演变最优模拟模型以及景观的变化趋势,本文采用1996、2006、2016年3期黄河三角洲分类影像,分别利用CA-Markov、LCM、2种模型叠加开展变化模拟。研究发现：① 在相同驱动力因子影响下,空间模拟上LCM比CA-Markov好,数量模拟上,CA-Markov比LCM更贴合,对于变化较大研究区,综合2种模型优势来模拟该湿地变化最佳;② 对于较强的人为、自然灾害干扰,会对模拟精度有影响。在LCM模型中,驱动力相同情况下,生成适宜性图像的转移子模型数量越多,模拟精度越高。对于CA-Markov模型,比例误差系数适宜的设置对数量模拟的精度也有提升;③ 在保持2006-2016年的变化趋势下,综合2种模型模拟的2026年自然湿地面积1252.69 km ²,人工湿地面积1265.00 km ²,非湿地面积924.51 km ²。从2026年黄河三角洲模拟的结果可看出,自然、非湿地的面积减少,人工湿地大量的增加并不断向浅海区域扩张。通过对黄河三角洲湿地变化进行预测分析,可为湿地资源的合理有效利用与管理等提供科学依据。     

Errors related to the automatized satellite-based change detection of boreal forests in Finland

The majority of the boreal forests in Finland are regularly thinned or clear-cut, and these actions are regulated by the Forest Act. To generate a near-real time tool for monitoring management actions, an automatic change detection modelling chain was developed using Sentinel-2 satellite images. In this paper, we focus mainly on the error evaluation of this automatized workflow to understand and mitigate incorrect change detections. Validation material related to clear-cut, thinned and unchanged areas was collected by visual evaluation of VHR images, which provided a feasible and relatively accurate way of evaluating forest characteristics without a need for prohibitively expensive fieldwork. This validation data was then compared to model predictions classified in similar change categories. The results indicate that clear-cuts can be distinguished very reliably, but thinned stands exhibit more variation. For thinned stands, coverage of broadleaved trees and detections from certain single dates were found to correlate with the success of the modelling results. In our understanding, this relates mainly to image quality regarding haziness and translucent clouds. However, if the growing season is short and cloudiness frequent, there is a clear trade-off between the availability of good-quality images and their preferred annual span. Gaining optimal results therefore depends both on the targeted change types, and the requirements of the mapping frequency.     

Skill Assessment of Copernicus Climate Change Service Seasonal Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts over Iran

Medium to long-term precipitation forecasting plays a pivotal role in water resource management and development of warning systems.Recently,the Copernicus Climate Change Service(C3S)database has been releasing monthly forecasts for lead times of up to three months for public use.This study evaluated the ensemble forecasts of three C3S models over the period 1993-2017 in Iran’s eight classified precipitation clusters for one-to three-month lead times.Probabilistic and non-probabilistic criteria were used for evaluation.Furthermore,the skill of selected models was analyzed in dry and wet periods in different precipitation clusters.The results indicated that the models performed best in western precipitation clusters,while in the northern humid cluster the models had negative skill scores.All models were better at forecasting upper-tercile events in dry seasons and lower-tercile events in wet seasons.Moreover,with increasing lead time,the forecast skill of the models worsened.In terms of forecasting in dry and wet years,the forecasts of the models were generally close to observations,albeit they underestimated several severe dry periods and overestimated a few wet periods.Moreover,the multi-model forecasts generated via multivariate regression of the forecasts of the three models yielded better results compared with those of individual models.In general,the ECMWF and UKMO models were found to be appropriate for one-month-ahead precipitation forecasting in most clusters of Iran.For the clusters considered in Iran and for the long-range system versions considered,the Météo France model had lower skill than the other models.     

湖南省耕地变化态势分析与预测

首先利用统计资料揭示了８０ 年代以来湖南省耕地减少的状况： ①年均耕地减少呈增长趋势;②耕地减少以非建设占用为主, 但其所占比重逐步下降; ③耕地建设占用以国家建设占用为主, 并呈快速增长趋势; ④耕地减少地区分布不均。进而运用相关分析、主成份分析和多元回归分析等方法,对湖南省耕地减少的原因进行系统分析与探索, 得出湖南省耕地建设占用主要是由于市镇人口增长、居民消费增长、地方财政基本建设支出扩大和经济发展等造成的。然后根据市镇人口对耕地减少的趋势进行预测, 指出到２０１０ 年如果将湖南省市镇人口控制在３ １５０ 万人以内, 并开发全部宜耕荒地１９ ×１０４ ｈｍ ２ , 则湖南省耕地将比１９９６ 年净增３７６ ×１０４ ｈｍ ２ 。最后提出了控制耕地减少的措施