改革开放以来中国城市等级体系演变的基本特征

选取372个设市城市作为样本,在构建1987年、2005年城市规模数据集的基础上,对比分析了城市规模位序变动的特征,以此刻画近30年来中国城市等级体系演变的基本轮廓.研究发现:城市规模序列呈现大规模、大幅度的变动;城市位序变动随城市规模等级呈现分异特征,城市规模等级越小,城市位序变动越明显;城市规模增长还表现为明显的区域差异性.对变动幅度较大的138个城市进行典型观察,结果显示:成长明显的城市具有地域集中性,在交通沿线和沿海地区尤为突出,城市规模位序的提升与地区经济发展密切相关,部分旅游城市上升明显,而资源型城市则明显下降,城市的成长受行政性调整力量影响较大.     

基于Mean-shift影像分割算法的TM影像分类及城市扩展研究

以马来西亚雪兰莪州及首都吉隆坡为例,将Mean-shift算法的影像分割方法应用于研究区的TM影像分类中,较传统方法的分类精度更高,可满足应用需求.依据该分类结果对研究区的空间城市化特征进行分析.发现近期研究区一直处于高速扩展阶段,外延式扩展和填充式扩展并行发展成为该研究区城市扩展的主导模式.     

厦门市同安区不同扩展轴上的景观格局梯度分析与比较

城市扩展轴上的景观格局梯度变化特征及其变化原因的研究,是了解城市化对城市景观生态影响过程与机制的一个理想途径.本文选取厦门市同安区为研究对象,采用梯度分析结合景观格局分析方法,分别在沿同集路方向与沿往翔安的324国道方向的城市扩展轴上布设样带,通过移动窗口取样,运用景观格局指数进行景观格局梯度分析与比较.结果表明,在斑块类型水平上,沿同集路方向的扩展轴各项指数受城市化影响较明显,沿324国道方向的则不明显;在景观水平上,城市化造成沿同集路方向扩展轴景观形状更为复杂,景观多样性减少,景观格局由原本的多种景观均势并存转变为以城镇景观为主导的格局,景观更为破碎化,而沿324国道方向景观形状没有明显受城市化影响,但城市化促使景观多样性增加,景观格局由原本的以耕地景观为主导的格局转变为多种景观均势并存的格局,景观破碎化程度方面则没有明显受城市化影响.城市化水平的不同造成了城市扩展轴景观格局梯度变化特征的不同,周边地区城市化水平、城市建设布局模式、地域自然景观特征等因素则影响景观格局梯度变化的幅度与峰值的出现.     

Vulnerability and adaptation to climate-related fire impacts in rural and urban interior Alaska

This paper explores whether fundamental differences exist between urban and rural vulnerability to climate-induced changes in the fire regime of interior Alaska. We further examine how communities and fire managers have responded to these changes and what additional adaptations could be put in place. We engage a variety of social science methods, including demographic analysis, semi-structured interviews, surveys, workshops and observations of public meetings. This work is part of an interdisciplinary study of feedback and interactions between climate, vegetation, fire and human components of the Boreal forest social–ecological system of interior Alaska. We have learned that although urban and rural communities in interior Alaska face similar increased exposure to wildfire as a result of climate change, important differences exist in their sensitivity to these biophysical, climate-induced changes. In particular, reliance on wild foods, delayed suppression response, financial resources and institutional connections vary between urban and rural communities. These differences depend largely on social, economic and institutional factors, and are not necessarily related to biophysical climate impacts per se. Fire management and suppression action motivated by political, economic or other pressures can serve as unintentional or indirect adaptation to climate change. However, this indirect response alone may not sufficiently reduce vulnerability to a changing fire regime. More deliberate and strategic responses may be required, given the magnitude of the expected climate change and the likelihood of an intensification of the fire regime in interior Alaska.     

基于投入产出理论的城市群产业空间联系

在对城市群空间联系研究成果回顾的基础上,通过引入感应系数和影响系数,构建度量两两城市之间产业联系强度的指数,通过强度大小确定城市群内部产业联系的主要方向和次要方向,即空间结构。根据该指数大小,认为在同一城市群范围内,该指数存在较大的差异,差异程度与城市群的发育程度以及节点的空间配置关系耦合度较高,表现出较强的自组织性;根据主要联系方向和次要方向在不同节点的配置关系,确立了网络密集型、结构分散型、聚核居中型和聚核偏离型4种空间结构类型。基于空间发展战略和规划导向,分析了产业空间联系结构的应用价值,进一步明确城市群内部的空间开发时序以及不同城市群在不同时期的开发方向与重点等。最后指出了本文研究的理论意义及未来研究的主要方向。     

区域城镇点-轴系统空间结构的分形模型

点—轴系统是我国区域城镇空间结构的主要模式之一。探索城镇点—轴系统空间结构,进而揭示其数理本质,是进行地理空间优化的理论基础。文章从分形理论出发,构建点—轴系统分形模型,明确该模型的地理意义,以此刻画点—轴系统的空间结构。利用GIS软件开发了点—轴系统分形模型计算工具。以济南市城镇—交通系统为例,在GIS数据环境下计算其分形模型参数,研究结果发现：{1}区域点—轴系统发育到一定阶段的确呈现分形性质,点—轴系统分形模型可以有效地反映点—轴系统空间结构形态;{2}无标度性、分形、有序性是地理空间的不同状态,推论得出随着点—轴系统的发展,其空间结构也经历着无序→无标度网络→分形结构→有序→更为复杂的无序的演进过程;{3}济南市城镇—交通系统已经形成点—轴系统的雏形,城镇点—轴系统处于发展阶段。     

计及城市房屋建筑装修破坏的地震经济损失评估方法研究

本文通过对比、分析我国目前地震经济损失评估中存在的一些问题,提出了城市房屋计及装修费用的地震损失评估方法.通过汶川地震现场调查、收集造价资料和问卷调查的形式给出了几个关键参数的合理取值,如:装修破坏损失比、中高档装修重置单价、中高档装修房屋在不同发达水平城市中所占比例及修正系数等.利用本文方法对内蒙古包头西6.4级地震、汶川8.0级地震及深圳经济特区的房屋建筑地震损失进行了评估和预测,并与实际统计结果进行了对比分析,结果表明考虑装修费用损失后的损失评估结果增加了10%～30%.     

珠江三角洲城市群震害损失预测初步研究

城市群是经济快速发展的产物。已有的震例表明城市群震害比单个城市的震害更为复杂、严重,对社会的影响更为巨大。阐述了珠江三角洲城市群的发展现状及其地震活动性,分析了城市群的地震灾害特点．并利用现有的震害评估模型及基础数据对珠江三角洲城市群进行震害损失模拟．结果证明城市群震害损失较非城市群更严重．并提出了防御城市群地震灾害的措施、     

Numerical simulation for the coupling effect of local atmospheric circulations over the area of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province

Using the model system MM5.V3 and multi-layer grid nesting technique, we have done a multi-scale numerical simulation over the area of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province to analyze the temperature and wind field there and study its local circulations. The results show a coupling effect of Urban Heat Island Circulation (UHIC), Mountain Valley Breeze (MVB) and Sea Land Breeze (SLB) occurs in this area when the synoptic system is weak. The SLB can penetrate deep into the mainland for about 200 km when it is blooming. MVB can extend to south and cover almost the whole plain area in Beijing. Both MVB and SLB are diurnal periodical; meanwhile the phase of MVB drops behind that of SLB for about six hours. As a local circulation, the UHIC weakens the two circulations above, and it also has a diurnal period. As a result, the coupling effect of circulations reveals not only different features in spring-summer period and autumn-winter period in a year but also the difference between early morning to noonday and afternoon to night in a day. We noted the diffusion of contamination over the area around Beijing, and found the steady presence of a transport routine of contamination over North-China throughout the year caused by the Coupling Effect mentioned above. This find is important for studying the environment pollution in this area. Supported by Central Public Welfare Special Fund Program for the Institute and Higher Education (Grant No. IUMKY200701), Public Welfare Special Fund Program (Meteorology) of China Scientific and Technological Ministry (Grant Nos. CYHY20080620, CYHY200706004), Spread New Technology Program of China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. CMATG2007M15) and Urban Meteorology Scientific Research Fund Program of the Institute of Beijing Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. UMRF200702)     

Cu在TaN(111)表面团聚行为的分子动力学模拟

原子层沉积(ALD) 是下一代超大规模集成电路的首选工艺, 但是Cu籽晶层在阻挡层上的团聚限制了ALD工艺在半导体工业中的应用.目前对Cu在阻挡层TaN表面的团聚机理和行为还缺乏足够的理论认识, 为此利用第一性原理密度泛函理论(DFT) 对不同覆盖度下Cu原子在TaN (111) 表面的吸附能和电荷转移进行了研究, 结果显示, Cu在TaN (111) 表面的吸附强度随着Cu覆盖度的增加而减弱.利用从头算分子动力学模拟了500K温度下Cu单分子层在TaN (111) 表面的吸附动力学行为, 结果表明, 在这一典型的ALD温度下, Cu层在TaN (111) 表面发生团聚, 与实验中的观察结果相符.