小空间尺度农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性评价初探--以湖南省常德市鼎城区双桥坪镇为例

该文探讨小空间尺度农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性评价,阐述针对不同空间尺度建立不同的旱灾承灾体脆弱性评价指标体系的必要性。基于湖南省常德市双桥坪镇的实地调查资料,构建包括耕地平坦指数、水塘灌溉指数等评价指标体系,通过比较各因素的相对重要性确定其权重,对2001年双桥坪镇16个村农业旱灾承灾体脆弱度进行评价。结果表明,该镇旱灾脆弱度较高,西部村庄的旱灾脆弱性普遍小于东部村庄。用同年的实际旱灾灾情损失资料进行验证,吻合程度较高。     

农牧交错区土地利用动态与生态效应变化--以榆阳区为例

以榆阳区1988-2003年土地数据为依据,在分析研究区土地利用的数量和结构变化特点的基础上,运用国内外学者在生态价值估算的方法与模式,结合该区的具体情况对估算方法进行修正,然后对研究区研究时段内各年度的生态系统服务功能经济价值进行了估算,并以1988年为基准测算了土地利用类型的数量和结构变化所引起的生态系统服务功能经济价值变化情况,分析了其变化的时段特点及变化原因,定量地揭示了在生态脆弱区环境与经济发展的关系。研究表明：1988-2003年,榆阳区土地利用变化所产生的环境响应总体米说是积极的,生态系统服务功能经济价值年度总量在波动中提高;营造防护林、退耕还林及农用地内部结构调整政策的实施实现了经济和环境双赢的预期效果。     

定西地区1995-2000年间土壤侵蚀的变化与治理对策

严重的土壤侵蚀是定西地区生态环境恶化的主要原因,也是社会经济发展的主要限制性因素之一。利用数字遥感影像人机交互解译技术对1995年和2000年的土壤侵蚀进行调查,结果显示5 a来定西地区土壤侵蚀面积减少1 446.39 km²,减少了7.36%。其中轻度侵蚀减少5.63%,中度减少1.4%,强度减少0.03%,极强度减少0.30%。侵蚀程度整体上有所减轻,表明水土保持工作取得了一定成效。但土壤侵蚀面积仍然占土地总面积的80%以上,而且强度和极强度侵蚀面积减少不明显,土壤侵蚀仍然十分严重,水土保持的任务还相当艰巨。积极开展水土保持是定西地区实现山川秀美、脱贫致富和可持续发展的根本途径。     

武夷山风景名胜区生态旅游环境质量综合评价研究

景区生态旅游环境质量综合评价对于认知旅游环境现状、提高旅游质量具有重要意义.模糊综合评价是综合评价中应用广泛而有效的方法之一.根据武夷山风景名胜区生态旅游资源现状,将层次分析法应用于模糊综合评价法中,建立了模糊综合评价的多层次、多因素的数学模型,对武夷山风景名胜区生态旅游环境质量进行了有效合理的评价.结果显示,6个小景区生态旅游环境质量综合评价均为V1～V2级,武夷山风景名胜区生态旅游环境质量为V1级,说明景区生态旅游环境质量属理想状态.     

快速城市化进程中基于集体土地视角的农村发展分析——以佛山市南海区为例

上世纪90年代以来珠三角农村依托集体土地大大促进了工业化进程,但因农民及村集体经济组织过度依赖物业出租、宅基地房租金等,其城市化质量并未得到较大的提升,村集体仍然承担着村内公共产品的供给.这种"类国有企业"的运作特征造成村集体经济举步维艰,大量的集体分红更使村集体经济难以进行资本积累以应对市场变化.打破村集体经济的封闭性,引入"外部力量"成为推动农村城市化深入发展的有效途径.     

古交邢家社勘探区煤中镓的分布及其地质影响因素

依据煤炭资源勘探资料,探讨了山西古交矿区邢家社勘探区石炭-二叠系煤中镓的分布状况及其地质影响因素。结果显示:研究区煤中镓的加权平均质量分数为15.87×10-6,比全球平均值要高0.5~3倍;煤层层位降低,镓含量呈明显的递减趋势。同时,煤中镓含量与灰分产率、灰分组成、硫含量及煤层厚度之间也有明显的相关关系。这些特征表明,区内煤中镓的矿物载体主要为粘土矿物,水动力较强和还原性较弱的泥炭沼泽条件可能有利于镓在煤中富集,且成煤期地壳的稳定程度也可通过一定方式影响到煤中镓的富集。      

遥感技术在鸡西合作区煤层气综合评价中的应用研究

根据鸡西合作区煤系及煤岩曾有过的成烃和聚气过程,寻找其遥感影像、地球化学及放射性能谱特征,从而总结出该区煤层气的综合地质特征,进而研究其周边地区聚气成烃的可能性,为扩大寻找煤成气提供可应用的资料。     

Fingerprinting upland sediment sources: particle size‐specific magnetic linkages between soils,lake sediments and suspended sediments

Accelerated erosion of fine‐grained sediment is an environmental problem of international dimensions. Erosion control strategies and targeting of mitigation measures require robust and quantitative identification of sediment sources. Here, we use magnetic ‘fingerprinting’ to characterize soils, and examine their affinity with and contribution to suspended sediments transported within two subcatchments feeding Bassenthwaite Lake, northwest England. A high‐resolution soil magnetic susceptibility survey was made using a field susceptometer (ZH Instruments, SM400 probe). Combining the spatial and vertical (down‐profile) soil magnetic data, a subset of soil profiles was selected for detailed, laboratory‐based magnetic remanence analyses. The magnetic properties of the catchment soils are highly particle size‐dependent. Magnetic analyses were performed on the 31–63 µm fraction, for particle size‐specific comparison both with the suspended sediments and lake sediments. Fuzzy cluster analysis groups the soil magnetic data into six clusters, apparently reflecting variations in parent material and horizon type, with three magnetically hard soils as unclassified outliers. Examination of the cluster affinity of the soils, suspended sediments and lake sediments indicates that topsoils of the upper Newlands Valley and subsoils around Keskadale Beck are a major source of the Newlands Beck suspended load, and the recent (post‐nineteenth century) sediments in the deep lake basin. Older lake sediments show strong affinity with a small number of the Derwent suspended sediments and one of the Glenderamackin soils. A large number of Derwent suspended sediments show no affinity with any of the soils or lake sediments, instead forming a coherent, discrete and statistically unclassified group, possibly resulting from mixing between the magnetically hard subsoils of the medium to high‐altitude Glenderamackin and Troutbeck areas and softer, lower altitude Glenderamackin soils. The lack of any affinity of these suspended sediments with the lake sediments may indicate deposition along the Derwent flood plain and/or in the shallow delta of Lake Bassenthwaite. Particle size‐specific magnetic fingerprinting is thus shown to be both highly discriminatory and quantitatively robust even within the homogeneous geological units of this catchment area. Such a methodological approach has important implications for small–large scale catchment management where sources of sediment arising from areas with uniform geology have been difficult to determine using other approaches, such as geochemical or radionuclide analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山东地区长水准与跨断层短水准资料变化特征分析

本文利用山东地区跨同一断层长水准与短水准的观测资料,结合历史主要震例,根据其变化特证,进行断层垂直形变特征与异常分析。结果显示,山东内陆长水准和跨断层短水准资料所反映的断层活动基本一致。     

A mass balance approach to quantifying Pb storage and fluxes in an upland catchment of the Peak District,north‐central England

A mass balance model of the main Pb stores and fluxes for a typical organic‐rich upland catchment in the Peak District, UK, has been produced. The model, based on the Howden reservoir catchment, reveals that the majority of Pb in the catchment is stored within the soil (approximately 8·63 t km^?2). Soil Pb levels are extremely high and can only be explained as the result of centuries of atmospheric Pb deposition from surrounding urban–industrial conurbations, and mining and smelting activity within the Peak District National Park. The atmospheric Pb flux onto the Howden catchment is approximately 107 kg a^?1. The aquatic Pb flux is estimated at between 29·9 and 71·7 kg a^?1; thus, at present, catchment soils are acting as a sink for Pb pollution. The Howden reservoir acts as a secondary store for Pb eroded and leached from catchment soils, with approximately 80% re‐deposited in its sediments. It is estimated that 2·3% of the catchment soil Pb pool has been retained in the reservoir sediments over its 91 year lifespan. Although the catchment is currently acting as a Pb sink, the rate of change in the soil Pb pool is very small. Future change in climate or deposition chemistry could, however, transform catchment soils into a significant source of Pb to the aquatic environment and water supply. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.