BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Carbon Emission Evaluation in Jinan Western New District based on Multi-source Data Fusion

Carbon emissions caused by human activities are closely related to the process of urbanization, and urban land utilization, function vitality and traffic systems are three important factors that may influence the emission levels. For clarifying the space structure of a low-carbon eco-city, and combining the concept of “Combining Assessment with Construction” to track and contrast the construction of the low-carbon eco-city, this research selects quantifiable low-carbon eco-city spatial characteristics as indicators, and evaluates and analyzes the potential carbon emissions. Taking the Jinan Western New District as an example, diversity of construction land, travel carbon emission potential, and density and accessibility of adjacent road networks in the overall urban planning were measured. After the completion of the new urban area, the evaluation mainly reflected certain factors, such as the mixed degree of urban functions, the density of urban functions, the walking distance to bus stops and the density and number of bus stops. Dividing the levels and adding equal weights after index normalization, the carbon emission potential is evaluated at the two levels of the overall and fragmented areas. The results show that: (1) The low-carbon emission potential areas in the planning scheme basically reached the planned goals. (2) There is inconsistency between districts and indicators in the planning scheme. The diversity of construction land and the accessibility of the adjacent road network are relatively small; however, there is a large difference between the travel carbon emission potential and the road network accessibility. (3) Carbon emission potential after completion did not reach the planned expectation, and the low-carbon emission potential plots were concentrated in the Changqing Old City Area and Central Area of Dangjia Town Area. (4) The carbon emission indicators varied greatly in different areas, and there were serious imbalances in the density of public transportation lines and the mixed degree of urban functions.     

Geographical Impact and Ecological Restoration Modes of the Spatial Differentiation of Rural Social-Ecosystem Vulnerability: Evidence from Qingpu District in Shanghai

Vulnerability research is the core issue and one of the research hotspots of sustainable development science. Vulnerability and its evaluation framework provide a new perspective for rural social-ecosystem studies. This paper introduced the ‘input-output’ efficiency theory and constructed the ‘SEE-PSR’ framework for the analysis of social-ecosystem vulnerability in the rural area in Qingpu District of Shanghai City. The DEA models, spatial autocorrelation model, multivariate logistic regression model, geographical detector and hierarchical cluster model were used to analyze the spatial differences of social-ecosystem vulnerability, and its geographical impact mechanisms and ecological restorations, in 184 administrative villages in this area. The results can be divided into three main points. (1) The results of the ‘input-output’ efficiency model of the EW-DEA based on entropy weight aggregation crossover was more reliable and accurate for the evaluation of rural social-ecosystem vulnerability. The vulnerability of the social-ecosystems in the administrative villages showed a trend of gradual decline from east to west, with an average value of vulnerability of 0.583, and the vulnerability of social systems had become an important factor in constraining the decrease of the vulnerability of the social-ecosystems in the region. (2) The distances from the center of Shanghai City, from Dianshan Lake, from the center of Qingpu District and from the water area were the four dominant geographical factors affecting the vulnerability of the social-ecosystem in this region. The geographical impacts exhibited the spatial differentiations of systemic structure, the substitution of typological attributes and the transformation level. (3) The geographical factors coupling the impact types of the social-ecosystem vulnerability were divided spatially into 10 types. The geographic multi-factor coupling impact types were dominant, which presented multi-cyclic spatial patterns and were dominated by the central multi-factor which was surrounded by the single factor types on both sides. According to the different types, some feasible ways of ecological restoration were proposed, which drew on the experiences of integrated territory consolidation to remediate the vulnerability of rural social-ecological systems. The results of this study can provide scientific reference for rural spatial reconstruction, regional ecological restoration and sustainable development for the regions characterized by conflict in the ‘strict protection of the ecological environment and vigorous development of the economy’.     

Secondary school student perspectives on community resilience in Grey District

For a national competition supported by the New Zealand Board of Geography Teachers, secondary school students in years 10–13 were asked to identify and investigate factors that were building community resilience in their home areas, and the entries provided young people's perspectives on how well individuals, families and communities ‘bounce back’, adapt, change and become stronger following an adverse event. This article concerns the findings of students at Greymouth High School. Their entries showed that community resilience in Grey District depended on individual and collective capacity for action. The greater their involvement in community affairs and projects, the more likely individuals and families were to form networks and participate in communal activities. In Greymouth, as elsewhere in New Zealand, membership of voluntary organisations and participation in planning for, and responding to, catastrophic events has helped residents respond effectively in times of adversity and has enhanced community resilience.     

基于改进潜能模型的城市医疗设施空间可达性——以上海市杨浦区为例

引入人口规模因子和医疗设施等级规模影响系数改进潜能模型,基于GIS空间分析技术,以上海杨浦区为例对其医疗设施空间可达性进行研究。结果表明：杨浦区医疗设施空间可达性分布不均,大桥街道、定海路街道及殷行街道部分区域医疗设施空间可达性较高;中部区域一些街道存在同等级医院位置密集、医疗资源相对集中的情况;杨浦区三级医院的居民就医空间可达性整体优于二级、一级医院。改进的潜能模型综合考虑了居民点人口数量、医疗设施与居民点之间的出行阻抗、以及医疗设施的等级规模对居民就医选择的影响,能更合理地评价医疗设施的可达性。研究结果可为城市医疗设施科学规划与决策提供依据。     

Examining urban land-cover characteristics and ecological regulation during the construction of Xiong’an New District,Hebei Province,China

Development of Xiong'an New District (XND) is integral to the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Integration Initiative. It is intended to ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, optimize regional spatial patterns, and enhance ecosystem services and living environment in this urban agglomeration. Applying multi-stage remote sensing (RS) images, land use/cover change (LUCC) data, ecosystem services assessment data, and high-precision urban land-cover information, we reveal the regional land-cover characteristics of this new district as well as across the planned area of the entire BTH urban agglomeration. Corresponding ecological protection and management strategies are also proposed. Results indicated that built-up areas were rapidly expanding, leading to a continuous impervious surface at high density. Urban and impervious surface areas (ISAs) grew at rates 1.27 and 1.43 times higher than that in the 2000s, respectively, seriously affecting about 15% area of the sub-basins. Construction of XND mainly encompasses Xiongxian, Rongcheng, and Anxin counties, areas which predominantly comprise farmland, townships and rural settlements, water, and wetland ecosystems. The development and construction of XND should ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, as well as moderately control population and industrial growth. Thus, this development should be included within the national ‘sponge city’ construction pilot area in early planning stages, and reference should be made to international low-impact development modes in order to strengthen urban green infrastructural construction. Early stage planning based on the existing characteristics of the underlying surface should consider the construction of green ecological patches and ecological corridors between XND and the cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Tianjin. The proportion of impervious surfaces should not exceed 60%, while that of the core area should not exceed 70%. The development of XND needs to initiate the concept of ‘planning a city according to water resource amount’ and incorporate rainwater collection and recycling.     

本溪市南芬区地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建立

县(市)地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建设是"全国县市地质灾害调查"专项项目的重要组成部分,本文阐述了以"县(市)地质灾害调查与区划信息系统"为基本建库工具,以MapGIS和FoxPro等软件为辅助工具,建立本溪市南芬区地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的过程.     

Geochemistry of Palaeoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Iricoumé Group,Pitinga Mining District,Amazonian craton,Brazil

The Iricoumé Group includes 1.88 Ga volcanic units of the Iricoumé–Mapuera volcano-plutonic association, part of the Uatumã magmatic series in the Guyana shield portion of the Amazonian craton. In the Pitinga Mining District, these rocks consist dominantly of felsic trachyte to rhyolite, associated with voluminous ignimbrite and minor ash-fall tuffs and surge deposits. Mafic rocks are present as basaltic clasts within volcanic breccias, and mostly as mafic microgranular enclaves in the associated Mapuera plutonic rocks. The felsic rocks have high contents of SiO₂, FeO_t, K₂O, Rb, and alkalis; low TiO₂, CaO, Sr, Ba, Nb, Ta, and Eu; and show metaluminous to weakly peraluminous bulk-rock compositions. They exhibit alkaline geochemical features, expressed by Na₂O?+?K₂O averages of 8.8 wt.%, FeO_t/(FeO_t?+?MgO) ≥ 0.8, and high Ga/Al ratios, compatible with A-type magmas. The studied samples plot in the field of within-plate or post-collisional rocks in a (Nb?+?Y) versus Rb diagram. Nb/Y ratios indicate that they are comparable to A2-type rocks which, allied with their high LREE/Nb ratios, suggest that they were produced from mantle sources modified by previous subduction in a post-collisional setting. Two compositional populations of Ca-amphibole, a Mg-rich (actinolite to Mg-hornblende) and a Fe-rich one (Fe-edenite to Fe-pargasite, Fe-hornblende and Fe-actinolite), characterize the Iricoumé Group volcanics. The Fe-rich amphiboles crystallized under lower fO₂ and higher pressure conditions compared with the Mg-rich amphiboles, indicating different levels of crystallization or re-equilibration during ascent of the magmas. Zircons from rhyolites show trace-element compositions typical of magmatic crystals with high Th/U ratios, and REE patterns compatible with zircon-melt partition coefficients for silicic magma compositions. Their relatively lower zircon/rock partition coefficients are due to early apatite crystallization. Fractional crystallization mainly of plagioclase-hornblende and biotite-alkali feldspar with minor amounts of apatite explains the geochemical trends observed in the felsic Iricoumé volcanic rocks.     

北京市门头沟区地质灾害危险性评价研究

北京市门头沟区境内98.5%为山区,地形地质条件复杂,地质灾害较发育,截至2014年3月,在门头沟区调查确定的地质灾害隐患点共644处。采用层次分析综合指数法,对门头沟区地质灾害易发性进行综合评价,划分了地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区、不易发区4个等级。