大城市边缘区土地利用与城乡协调发展关系——以天津东丽区为例

在大城市边缘区,土地资源对于支撑快速城镇化和统筹城乡协调发展起着至关重要的作用.以天津市东丽区为例,对经济发展和土地利用变化的时空关系进行了分析.结果表明:随着社会经济发展,东丽区耕地减少的速度加快,城镇建设用地规模逐渐扩大,其未来城市化的关键是促进农民的非农化.近年来,新农村建设"迁村并点"的逐步实施,使得农村居民点用地趋向集约化.提出了保障东丽区区域经济社会协调发展的土地利用战略与对策.     

Sea gravity data in the Gulf of Naples. A contribution to delineating the structural pattern of the Phlegraean Volcanic District

Bathymetric and gravity surveys were carried out from 1988 to 1994, in the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy) to offshore extend the already existing Bouguer anomaly map. In order to improve the knowledge of the structural setting beneath the active Neapolitan volcanoes (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei and Ischia), 862 stations were surveyed within the isobath of 400 m; at the same time, and about 2000 on-land gravity values were also collected. A new Bouguer anomaly map spanning the whole volcanic region was drawn from the final data set. Gravity anomalies were referred to the new absolute gravity station in Naples and computed according to 1980 Geodetic Reference System. Finally, a density value of 2200 kg/m³ was used in the computation of the Bouguer and terrain effects. We carried out the inversion of the gravity anomalies adopting a 2.5-D modelling along selected profiles crossing the investigated area. The interpretative models were constrained to data obtained from deep wells and other geophysical investigations.     

中国西南季风区不同水体稳定同位素特征分析——以重庆市北碚区为例

通过对重庆市北碚区大气降水和马鞍溪上游龙滩子水库水的氢氧同位素进行的一个水文年（2014年）的样品采集监测,研究了降水与水库的水的氢氧同位素之间的变化特征和规律。结果表明:(1)北碚区大气降水线方程为δD=8.82δ18O+18.97,r=0.99,n=101,P<0.01,δD、δ18O相关性极为显著,该区大气降水线斜率和截距大于全球大气降水线和中国大气降水线,表明研究区主要受西南季风和东南季风双重影响所致;(2)大气降水中δD、δ18O具有明显的季节变化,夏半年偏负,冬半年偏正;(3)大气降水中的δD、δ18O与降水量及温度呈现负相关关系,降水量效应显著,并且该效应远远掩盖了温度效应;(4)水库中水的δD、δ18O具有极好的相关性,其δD、δ18O样点落于全球大气降水线和区域大气降水线附近,并且水库中水d的变化趋势与降水d基本一致,表明前者主要补给来源是降水,而水库中水的δD、δ18O和d的变化幅度远远小于降水,表明前者不仅受降水补给,还受土壤水和地下水的补给。      

Potential of weight of evidence modelling for gully erosion hazard assessment in Mbire District – Zimbabwe

Gully erosion is an environmental concern particularly in areas where landcover has been modified by human activities. This study assessed the extent to which the potential of gully erosion could be successfully modelled as a function of seven environmental factors (landcover, soil type, distance from river, distance from road, Sediment Transport Index (STI), Stream Power Index (SPI) and Wetness Index (WI)) using a GIS-based Weight of Evidence Modelling (WEM) in the Mbire District of Zimbabwe. Results show that out of the studied seven factors affecting gully erosion, five were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to gully occurrence, namely; landcover, soil type, distance from river, STI and SPI. Two factors; WI and distance from road were not significantly correlated to gully occurrence (p > 0.05). A gully erosion hazard map showed that 78% of the very high hazard class area is within a distance of 250 m from rivers. Model validation indicated that 70% of the validation set of gullies were in the high hazard and very high hazard class. The resulting map of areas susceptible to gully erosion has a prediction accuracy of 67.8%. The predictive capability of the weight of evidence model in this study suggests that landcover, soil type, distance from river, STI and SPI are useful in creating a gully erosion hazard map but may not be sufficient to produce a valid map of gully erosion hazard.     

F-phlogopites in the Alban Hills Volcanic District (Central Italy): indications regarding the role of volatiles in magmatic crystallisation

A systematic analysis of micas contained in effusive, pyroclastic and hypabyssal rocks of the Alban Hills Volcanic District (AHVD) (Central Italy) was made in order to characterise minerals of pyroclastic units for tephrostratigraphy and to obtain as much information as possible on the activity of volatiles in this magmatic system. The phlogopite shows a large range of F contents (between 0.50 and 7.50 wt%) that make it possible to discriminate different AHVD lithologies; in particular, micas of lava groundmass are characterised by extremely high F (up to 7.50 wt%) and Ba (up to 9.70 wt%) contents, seldom or never found in other magmatic ultrapotassic rocks. Moreover, the micas of pyroclastics, ultramafic cumulates and holocrystalline inclusions made up of leucite, clinopyroxene and phlogopite (hereafter italites) show Mg/(Mg+Fe) values between 0.65 and 0.90 that are not correlated with F contents. The variations in F contents observed in the AHVD micas do not appear to be due to a “temperature” effect or pressure changes, but they may be due to variations in the H₂O and CO₂ activities in the magma chamber. They make it possible to differentiate three crystallisation environments in the AHVD magmatic system. The first one had elevated CO₂ activity and formed the italites near the carbonate contact; these rocks represent, at least those enriched in clinopyroxene without skarn-minerals, the hypabyssal crystallisation of the AHVD magmas at the periphery of magma chamber. The second one, characterised by a higher water activity, is represented by the micas of the ultramafic cumulates and pyroclastic scorias, and is located in the inner part of magma chamber. The third environment, the groundmass of the lavas, it is not related with the previous ones and is characterised by the absence of water and by a high F activity. In general, our results suggest that the compositional variations observed in the micas (Al, Si, Ti, Ba) reflect different H₂O activities (inversely correlated with F activity) in the magma chamber.     

基于"3S"技术的重庆市北碚区地质灾害评估预测系统

地理信息系统(G IS),遥感(RS),全球定位系统(GPS)技术在自身进一步发展的同时,也日益向集成化,一体化方向发展。“3S”技术一体化为区域地质灾害监测和预防提供了新的技术手段。本文从“3S”技术的集成着手,结合区域地质灾害评估的特点和发展需要,提出基于“3S”技术建立区域地质灾害系统的框架,探讨以“3S”技术为开发平台的区域地质灾害灾情系统的基本原理和方法。     

社区生活圈基础教育设施空间可达性评价与布局优化研究

使用基于Rhino平台的UNA工具包,从住宅楼层面对大连市沙河口区幼儿园、小学和初中3类基础教育设施的空间可达性进行分析,并提出布局优化措施及新增选址方案。主要结论如下：① 各类基础教育设施空间分布不均,存在重复与缺失并存的现象;设施与住宅楼空间分布“错位”现象严重。② 各类基础教育设施均存在服务范围内住宅楼数量较少的问题,学区内的学生上下学需要耗费较长的路程与时间,若设施仅服务于规定服务范围内的居民,则部分设施会存在利用不足的情况。③ 在规定服务范围内,初中的可达比重最大,其次是小学和幼儿园。在规定服务范围外,幼儿园可达性为差及以下的比重最大,其次是初中和小学。④ 设施布局主要存在2个问题：设施供应不足和设施利用不足,对此提出相应的优化思路。并在考虑可达性和供需的情况下,提出2个新增设施参考选址方案,以改善设施可达性。其中方案一增加140所,方案二增加107所。     

The stratigraphy and composition of the Latterbarrow and Redmain sandstones,Lake District,England

The Latterbarrow Formation, 400 m thick, has been mapped and subdivided informally into three members. These consist of quartz wacke sandstone and, in the upper member only, intercalated mudstones. The formation unconformably overlies the fossiliferous Skiddaw Group of late Tremadoc to middle Arenig age and is overlain disconformably by volcanic rocks that have been attributed to the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Chemically, the sandstones are characterized by very low concentrations of CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O and unusually high total iron. MnO and MgO, such that iron, as Fe₂O₃, exceeds Al₂O₃. Mudstone in the upper member is illite rich, has a high K₂O content and is compositionally similar to K-bentonites derived from volcanic ash. Sedimentary structures and petrography suggest that the sediments were deposited in a sandy estuary and were derived from a similar source area to that of the Skiddaw Group. Throughout the succession there is evidence of distal volcanism, probably representing the earliest eruptions of the Borrowdale volcanic episode. The Redmain Formation, 100 m thick, is unconformably overlain by Carboniferous rocks but its relationship to the underlying Skiddaw Group is unknown. Though this lithic arenite shows some petrographic and geochemical similarities with the Latterbarrow sandstone, differences are such that it is possible they are not equivalent in age. The Redmain sandstone may be derived from the erosion of Skiddaw Group rocks.     

旅游屏蔽区的城市空间拓展研究--以临潼为例

旅游地的屏蔽效应是当前学术界研究的热点。以临潼为实例,对这一典型旅游屏蔽区发展的障碍因素进行分析,在此基础上探讨了其空间拓展理念,并且从城市空间格局完善、景观安全格局营造、景观房产等角度界定其拓展方向。最后探讨了该案例的拓展意义、关键突破点与现实意义。