城市职能体系研究的思路与方法--以太原市为例

全面认识城市职能体系需从其结构属性和空间属性两方面着手，从职能层次、职能规模和职能强度三方面来界定，思路是将城市职能的结构属性与空间属性结合起来，研究城市在不同空间尺度的主要职能。文章以太原市为案例，构造了区位熵、职能规模、职能强度3个指标，对太原市在省域、中西部、全国3个空间层次的城市主要职能进行了分析、力图通过该市的案例，探讨单个城市职能体系实证研究的思路和方法，从多角度较为系统地认识一个城市的职能体系，为城市定位和城市性质确定提供更丰富的基础依据。     

Morphology, mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility of epikarst-Terra Rossa developed in late Quaternary aeolianite deposits of southeastern Saurashtra, India

The nature and development of epikarst and soil development in aeolianites under a monsoonal climatic regime has not yet been described. Late Quaternary aeolianites of the southeastern coast of Saurashtra in western India show a wide array of epikarst and red-soil formation, and serve to typify the character of aeolianite weathering under a monsoonal climate. Three varieties of epikarst are identified that represent down-profile increase in groundwater flow. Five types of Terra Rossae represent a transition from the karstified limestone to soil development. Terra Rossae differ in the content of residual aeolianite and show both simple and complex profiles. The latter at places shows ped development. The results show that an ontogenetic (growth) sequence exists from incipient epikarst to complex palaeosols. This ontogenetic sequence represents an incremental increase in the groundwater budget of the region in response to changing intensification of the Indian monsoon rainfall. Magnetic properties of the Terra Rossae formed under a monsoonal climate are described for the first time. The magnetic susceptibility together with its frequency-dependent and anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) represents both the concentration of single domain and ultrafine superparamagnetic (SP) magnetite. The formation of single domain and superparamagnetic magnetite and hematite are linked genetically to weathering of the aeolianite that leads to the formation of Terra Rossa.     

Joint multivariate statistical model and its applications to synthetic earthquake predic-tion

IntroductionSeismologistsinChinahaveestablishedmanyseismologicalmethodsandearthquakepredic-tionfactorsintheearthquakeforecastpracticesinthelastthirtyyears.Atpresent,morethanonehundredseismometricfactorsareusedinthemedium-termandmedium-short-termearthquakepredictions,suchastheb-valuetomirrorthestressstateandthedistributiondegreeofthemedium,themf-valuetoexpressiftheseismicactivityisincreasedornot(WANG,etal,1994),thequanti-tativeparameterA(b)todescribetheseismicactivitiesinadistrict(WU,CAO,19…     

碳酸盐岩喀斯特溶洞和裂缝系统的地震模拟与预测

提出了有助于确定碳酸盐岩裂缝带和喀斯特溶洞系统空间分布的地震正演模拟和预测方法。地震正演方法包含两个关键步骤，一是利用弹性波动方程计算含缝洞介质的有效弹性参数，另一步骤是根据有效弹性参数构成的等效地质模型，用单程声学波动方程进行波场延拓。数值模拟和实际地震数据的例子说明，将地震正演剖面与地震偏移剖面相结合进行对比分析有可能识别和预测碳酸盐岩地层中的缝洞发育带。     

玉米地组分亮度温度分类变化研究

以玉米整个生长期野外热红外辐射观测数据为基础,对两种组分亮温分类方法作了比较,并对玉米地组分亮温的变化特征展开了分析。结果表明,农田亮温组分的数目和数值随测量时间和日期改变。在整个测量期间,在当地时间中午前后,农田呈现出3个亮温组分植被、被阳光照到的亮土和植被阴影下的暗土。观测早期,植被亮温分布相对集中;随着农田植被覆盖率的增高,植被亮温分布逐步分散,组分间温差缩小,部分亮温值相互重叠。产生这些现象的原因将在以后的研究中加以探讨。     

用群落调查及光谱观测数据的主成分分析方法研究草场各生物参数之间的关系

以内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原为研究对象,在群落调查和光谱观测数据的基础上,引入主成分分析方法(PCA)研究了与草场健康有关的各生物参数间关系,提出一种草场健康状况监测的新方法:(1)从包含12个反映群落各方面信息的变量中提取出3个有特定生态学意义的主成分,并进一步对其进行分析组合,得出一个能比较敏感、全面反映群落健康状况的新指标—草场健康指数(GHI);其意义在于:它不仅可以反映草场的生物量信息,而且可以反映群落的结构组成信息。(2)从6波段的植被光谱反射数据中提取出2个主成分:可见光因子和红外光因子,它们可以较好反映植被信息。(3)表征群落总量、放牧退化的主成分和GHI与植被光谱反射值有相当的相关性,由此得到GHI与可见光、红外光因子的回归模型。此模型可利用植被光谱较好地反映草场健康状况。     

球层中的非线性自由热对流变粘度模型

粘度为常数或仅随深度变化是地幔对流模型中常用的假设. 本文在常粘度背景下， 通过假定小扰动粘度在纬向上的变化形式， 将粘度的横向变化引入地幔对流模型中， 并给出了变粘度地幔对流模型的数值解法. 对外边界为刚性、 内边界为应力自由（简记为R-F边界）和内外边界均为刚性（简记为R-R边界）边界的两种模型进行了计算， 对比了不同模型、 深度和瑞利数时的环型场的变化特征. 注意到环型场能量主要集中在球层的中、 上部区域， 其速度仅占总速度的几个百分点， 这个比例几乎不随瑞利数的变化而改变， 但其对流图样受瑞利数的影响较大. 环型场的对流形态和速度的分布特征表现出了明显的纬向差异， 这一结果清晰地反映出地幔粘度的横向变化对对流形态的影响. 目前的工作还只是初步的， 但为我们探讨全球大地构造上的某些现象， 例如南北半球的不对称性和差速旋转问题提供了一种可能的研究思路.      

地震计性能测试装置的研制

研制一个地震计性能测试装置，使其在地震计的生产过程中提供仪器的频响特性曲线及三分量一致性，提供更方便可靠的测试手段。结合目前现有的电法标定原理以及数据处理理论，给出测试装置的原理、硬件电路、软件设计以及结果分析。     

Peak displacement demand of small to moderate magnitude earthquakes in stable continental regions

A theoretical fault‐slip model has been developed for predicting the notional peak displacement demand (PDD) of earthquakes based on a limiting natural period of 5 s, for application in stable continental regions (SCRs). The developed theoretical expression is simple and robust. Importantly, it envelops predictions arising from a number of existing empirical and seismological (stochastic) models included in the comparison. The notional PDD prediction has been made initially for hard rock crustal conditions and at a reference source–site distance of 30 km. Factors have accordingly been introduced to correct for different distances and geological conditions in completing the PDD prediction model. Assuming displacement‐controlled behaviour, the predicted notional PDD may be compared with the displacement capacity of a structure, or component, for purposes of seismic stability assessment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sediment production and dispersal on foraminifera-dominated early Tertiary ramps: the Eocene El Garia Formation, Tunisia

Larger benthic foraminifera Nummulites are common within Eocene, circum-Tethyan limestones. Despite their importance as sediment producers, contradictions in the literature constrain current understanding about the location of the Nummulites‘factory’. The El Garia Fm was deposited on a ramp with localized palaeohighs, and whilst some authors suggested that the locus of Nummulites production was in shallow water across the palaeohighs, others concluded that production was significantly reduced over these palaeohighs, and concentrated in the surrounding deeper (30–60 m) water. There are also marked dissimilarities between recent models in terms of the continuity, correlation and resolution of depositional sequences. To assess these models, we integrate studies of the architecture and geometry of the El Garia Fm with detailed taphonomic, biometric, biofabric and palaeoecological characterization of Nummulites tests. We conclude that the highest rates of sediment production occurred in euphotic water over the palaeohighs and in nearshore environments. Nummulites on the palaeohighs were transported into the surrounding deeper water by oceanic and storm currents that swept the platform top, producing a nummulitic sediment package that thickened and became increasingly fine-grained and fragmented into outer ramp environments. This transport exerted a major control on development of the ramp-like geometries often seen at outcrop. Our findings question the validity of a recent sequence stratigraphic model that identifies decimetre-scale Milankovitch cycles, even in largely allochthonous, ‘bio-retextured’, mid/outer ramp sediments. Our findings also suggest that the thin packages of El Garia Fm on the palaeohighs, which have previously been interpreted as condensed sections that can be correlated with thicker, more distal accumulations, actually represent remnants of the sediment that was produced on the highs and ‘exported’ into the basin.