台湾峡谷中段沉积特征及流体机制探讨

海底峡谷、高弯度水道等深水沉积单元中的流体活动方式是人们关注的热点.本次研究利用高分辨地震资料,结合地形地貌特征对台湾峡谷中段的沉积特征及流体活动方式进行初步探讨.台湾峡谷中段发育内堤岸(inner levee),它成层性好、地层产状倾斜,地震反射特征与峡谷西岸和下覆滑塌体明显不同,内部结构表现为逐级上超的特征,以侧向加积为主.曲流河和深水高弯度水道的点坝均发育于河(水)道拐弯处,由于离心力作用,沉积物在凸岸堆积形成点坝.该内堤岸位于峡谷中段直线型地段,不具备形成点坝的地形地貌条件,综合分析认为该内堤岸是由垂直于峡谷轴向、自西向东的底流与沿峡谷向下的重力流交互作用形成的.     

南迦巴瓦构造结的楔入及其地质效应

南迦巴瓦构造结由其核 喜马拉雅构造单元和周边的冈底斯构造单元、雅鲁藏布构造单元组成。喜马拉雅构造单元为构造楔入体,两侧发育有右旋和左旋走滑断层系,构成南迦巴瓦楔入同迦巴瓦构造结的楔入作用,使雅鲁藏布缝合线横推错位,形成滇藏涡旋构造,并为雅鲁藏布大峡谷的形成奠定了基础。南迦巴瓦楔入构造的形成一印度板块连续的向北汇聚推挤作用发生反时针旋转有关,并可分为点碰撞（４５Ｍａ前）、碰撞楔入（４５￣７Ｍａ）和旋     

怒江峡谷旅游业可持续发展研究

怒江大峡谷集世界稀有的自然奇观、原始人文景观和古老粗犷的民族风情于一体。是著名的三江并流区核心部份。高山峡谷、悬崖陡壁、高同湖泊、飞流瀑布、江心松、石月亮组成壮丽的峡谷奇观。上刀山、过火海、溜索飞越怒江天堑、剽牛仪式、原始共产主义的平均分配制度,竹、木、石器的原始生产工具、结绳记的始文化、千脚落地的房子、石板烤饼和野菜的原始佳肴等都是不可替代的旅游资源,开发加以建设可形成垄断的独具特色的旅游地。塑     

Fluvial sedimentary history of Arlington Canyon,Channel Islands National Park,California

Arlington Canyon, in the northwest part of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, California, has been the setting for important scientific discoveries over the past half century, including the oldest human remains in North America, several vertebrate fossil sites, and purported evidence of a catastrophic extinction event at the end of the Pleistocene. The canyon is filled with alluvial sediments that date to between 16.4 and 1.1 ka (thousands of calibrated years before present), representing accumulation that occurred primarily in response to rising sea levels during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The deposits are laterally discontinuous, exhibit a high degree of sedimentary complexity, and contain evidence of past climates and environments, including fossil bones, burned plant macrofossils, and invertebrate microfossils. Here, we show that it is critical to view the observations, data, and conclusions of scientific studies conducted in the canyon within this larger context so that localized facets of the spatially and temporally extensive alluvial deposits are not misinterpreted or misrepresented. By improving the baseline understanding of processes and drivers of sediment accumulation in Arlington Canyon, we hope to offer a solid foundation and better underpinning for future archeological, paleontological, and geochemical studies here and throughout the northern Channel Islands. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Pre-eruptive Conditions of the Huerto Andesite (Fish Canyon System, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado): Influence of Volatiles (C-O-H-S) on Phase Equilibria and Mineral Composition

Crystallization experiments at 400 MPa, oxidized condition (logfO₂= NNO + 1, where NNO is nickel–nickel oxide buffer) andover a range of temperatures (850–950°C) and fluidcomposition (XH₂O_in = 0·3–1) have been carriedout to constrain the storage conditions of the sulphur-richmagma of the Huerto Andesite (an anhydrite, pyrrhotite, andS-rich apatite-bearing, post-Fish Canyon Tuff mafic lava). Theresults are used to evaluate the role of fluids released fromthe crystallization of magmas such as the Huerto Andesite onthe remobilization of the largely crystallized dacitic FishCanyon magma body. Experiments were performed using the naturalandesitic bulk composition with and without added sulphur. Thepresence of sulphur slightly affects the phase equilibria bychanging the phase proportions, stability fields of plagioclase,pyroxenes and ilmenite, and also affects the plagioclase composition.Phase equilibria and mineral composition data indicate thatthe magma may have contained 4·5 wt % water in the meltand that the pre-eruptive temperature was 875 ± 25°C.Assuming that the magma was in equilibrium with a fluid phase,the CO₂ concentration of the melt is estimated to be in therange 2000–4000 ppm (at 400 MPa). Before eruption, theandesite had an oxidation state very close to, or slightly within,the co-stability field of anhydrite–pyrrhotite at NNO+ 1·1. At these conditions, the sulphur content in themelt is 500 ppm. Assuming open-system degassing resulting fromcontinuing crystallization at depth, most of the CO₂ dissolvedin the andesitic melt should be released after the crystallizationof <10 vol. % of the magma, corresponding to a cooling from875 to 825–850°C. Thus, the fluids released owingto crystallization processes should be mainly composed of waterat temperatures below 825°C. KEY WORDS: experimental study; andesite; volatile; Fish Canyon Tuff; Huerto Andesite     

琼东南盆地井震地层对比分析及区域地层格架的建立

琼东南盆地历经断陷、断坳、裂后热沉降和裂后加速沉降等一系列的构造变动,沉积环境由始新世的滨海环境发展为现今的深水环境,形成了一套包括滨岸沉积、滨浅海沉积、陆架和陆坡沉积、以及半深海沉积的地层组合,具有良好的油气资源的生储盖条件,已成为当前油气资源勘探开发的重点区域。本文首先对盆地区域内钻井和地震剖面进行了主要地层界面(T20、T30、T40、T50、T60和T70)的识别和提取(点),继而结合连井地震剖面(线)和盆地区域过井地震剖面(面)对主要地层界面做了追踪对比分析,再依据古生物年代,建立了适用于琼东南盆地的区域地层年代格架。在琼东南盆地浅水区主要沉积了新近系地层(T60-T20),断裂基本不发育,地层厚度变化不大,极少有明显的上超和削截,局部地区发育有利于油气储集的三角洲沉积体系,表明琼东南盆地新近纪时期受构造作用影响较小。在深水区,新近系地层(T60-T20)和浅水区特征相似,仅反射特征有所不同;古近系地层(T100-T60)内部层序结构主要为楔状或近平行状,具有明显的上超和削截,地层厚度较大,断裂明显并导致地层错断,表明琼东南盆地深水区在古近纪时期主要受构造作用控制,并伴随着强烈的拉张和快速沉降作用,沉积环境主要为浅海。在近东西向的中央峡谷内存在有三期砂体:第一期砂体(井深3 528~3 336m,厚约192m)形成于距今11.6~5.5Ma(T40-T30),分布范围跨越中央峡谷的陵水-松南-宝岛段,沉积物构成包括浊积水道沉积、浊积席状砂、块体流沉积、深海泥质沉积、天然堤及漫溢沉积等;第二期砂体(井深4 100~3 900m,厚约200m)形成于距今5.5~4.2Ma(T30-T29),分布范围跨越中央峡谷的乐东-陵水段,以重力流沉积为主;第三期砂体(深度3 630~3 400m,厚约230m)发育于距今4.2~3.6Ma(T29-T28),分布于峡谷的乐东-莺东段,以浊积水道沉积为主。三期砂体在琼东南盆地中央坳陷带自东向西、由老到新依次展布,构成了良好的油气储层体。     

美国科罗拉多河高速水流实验对下游水生生态系统的影响及启示

科罗拉多河的适应性管理处于世界领先水平。美国为研究格伦峡谷大坝对下游水生生态系统的影响而进行了3次高速水流实验,取得了显著的生态效益,也积累了许多宝贵经验。分析显示,利益相关方参与是该实验成功的体制保障,跟踪监测与评估是实验成功的技术保障,闸坝适应性调度是河流保护与管理的有效手段。该实验的实施过程和效果对我国闸坝调度有许多有益的启示。例如,对下游水生生物和湿地生态系统的保护应作为闸坝调度的目标之一,应加强闸坝适应性调度的实验和研究,促进利益相关方参与河流保护与管理。     

金口大峡谷地貌成因与旅游资源

金口大峡谷位于大渡河下游，主要支谷有8条，皆以嶂谷地貌为特色。与大峡谷相邻的大瓦山(3236m)为我国最高的桌状山。这一区域以喀斯特地貌为主，受新构造运动影响明显，具有丰富的旅游地貌资源。     

A Scheme for Scalar Exchange in the Urban Boundary Layer

We present a scheme for parameterising scalar transfer in the urban boundary layer, which is divided into an inertial layer and a roughness layer. The latter is further divided into a shear layer and a canyon layer. In the inertial layer, scalar transfer is determined by turbulence related to canyon macroscopic features, while in the roughness layer, it is determined by shear-generated turbulence, canyon vortex and vortex-generated turbulence. We first describe a conceptual model for the canyon flow and the aerodynamic resistance network, and then estimate the resistances from the point of view of drag partition and vortex advection. The results are compared with the measurements from wind-tunnel experiments. It is found that for small canyon aspect ratio, σ_c, the transfer velocity increases with σ_c, reaching a maximum at around σ_c=0.5 and then decreases with σ_c. We also show that the scheme is not sensitive to adjustable parameters