Extraction and analysis of abandoned farmland: A case study of Qingyun and Wudi counties in Shandong Province

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rapid urbanization and continuous loss of rural labor force has resulted in abandonment of large areas of farmland in some regions of China. Remote sensing...     

基于CART算法的夏季干旱预测模型研究及应用

利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)作为判断干旱是否发生的标准,基于数据挖掘方法中的CART算法探究夏季西太平洋副高北界、夏季西太平洋副高强度指数、准两年振荡(QBO)、东亚夏季风指数、夏季北大西洋涛动(NAO)、夏季太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)、厄尔尼诺指数等多项气候因子与干旱的关系,构造分类决策树,得到干旱预报规则集,从而建立干旱的预报模型。预报模型以各项气候因子为输入变量,是否干旱为目标变量。根据1955—2012年商丘月平均气温和月总降水资料计算出商丘夏季58 a的SPEI指数作为干旱判定指标;以同期的多项气候因子数据作为输入变量,随机选取46 a的数据得到7条分类规则集,分类准确率为86.96%。使用剩余12 a的数据验证,准确率高达91.67%。结果有力地证明了基于CART算法建立干旱预报模型的可行性、科学性、有效性以及与干旱研究理论的一致性,为干旱模型的研究及季节性预测提供了科学有效的新思路。     

Identifying the relationships between trophic states and their driving factors in the Shihmen Reservoir,Taiwan

Eutrophication has become a crucial issue for water resource management in recent years. In addition, reservoir trophic states are varied with environmental and water quality variables. The objectives of this study were to apply the DFA model to examine which water quality variables significantly affect variations of trophic state index (TSI) factors (i.e. total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and Secchi disk transparency (SD)) and use classification and regression tree (CART) to determine the trophic states of the Shinmen Reservoir based on the levels of TSI factors during spring 2001–winter 2009. Results showed that the optimal DFA model contained one common trend (the underlying processes influencing trophic states, which can be rainfall intensity or runoff volume) and 7 explanatory variables. Turbidity (TB), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) influence concentrations of TP, while ammonium nitrogen (NH₃-N), organic nitrogen (O-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) control variations of Chl-a, and TB is related to SD. The CART model can specify trophic states only using two dominant driving factors, i.e. TP and Chl-a. The results of the CART illustrated that eutrophication could be occurred in the Shihmen Reservoir if TP is greater than 31.65 μg/L or if Chl-a is greater than 5.95 μg/L while TP concentration is less than 31.65 μg/L. Runoff nonpoint source pollution resulted from heavy storms may be the important factor affecting reservoir trophic states. Establishing vegetative filter strips along the riparian zone may able to effectively reduce this pollution in a reservoir. The integrated DFA and CART serves as good-fit relationships among trophic states, TSI factors, and water quality variables and provide control strategies for managing water quality in the Shihmen Reservoir.     

分层分类和多指标结合的西北农牧交错带植被信息提取

参照《中国植被》中的植被分类体系,结合野外考察结果,建立了适合中国西北农牧交错带的植被分类体系。以覆盖研究区的多幅Landsat影像为基础,按“分层分类,逐层验证”的思路,实现了对研究区植被信息的提取。提取时,先利用完全约束的最小二乘模型对遥感影像进行混合像元分解方法,将整个研究区划分为植被区和非植被区;在植被区,基于光谱特征、纹理特征和地形特征,构建CART决策树,获得了乔木林、灌丛和草原等7种主要植被型组;在植被型组内,基于不同植被类型NDVI的季节差异特征,构建NDVI差值比值指数 (NDVI_DR),将乔木林和灌丛区分为常绿和落叶植被型,使用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),将草原进一步区分为荒漠草原、典型草原和草甸草原3种类型,从而得到各个植被型的空间分布范围。经验证,最终分类的总体精度能达到79.51%,kappa系数为0.773。采用的分类方法充分利用了遥感数据既有的光谱信息和纹理信息,同时辅以地形信息。实践结果表明,分层分类和多种指标相结合的方法可以有效实现对影像跨幅的、以复杂镶嵌结构为主要特征的农牧交错带植被信息提取,精度较高,技术可行。     

基于CART决策树的沙地信息提取方法研究

为研究沙地信息提取的方法,采用基于CART决策树的面向对象方法,提取中卫市沙坡头区的沙地信息。首先对研究区进行多尺度分割和光谱差异分割得到对象层,然后选择合适的提取特征和训练样本点,最后输入选择的提取特征和样本点生成CART规则树,并对地物进行分类,提取出沙地信息。结果表明:采用面向对象的CART决策树方法提取沙地信息具有较高自动化程度和精确度,依此构建的CART决策树总体分类精度可达到77%,是最近邻分类结果的1.12倍,支持向量机分类结果的1.57倍,此外,NDBI(归一化裸露指数)、GSI(粒度指数)和SWIR 2(第七波段)均值可以成功的将沙地、戈壁和裸岩石砾地三个易混地物区分开来,是沙地提取过程中三个重要的特征指数。     

LANDSAT Sub-pixel Analysis in Mapping Impact of Climatic Variability on Prairie Pothole Changes

The Prairie Pothole Region in the United States contains millions of seasonal, semi-permanent, or permanent lakes and wetlands that typically range in size from 0.1 to 10 ha. These lakes and wetlands are vulnerable to climate change, especially in our study area in South Dakota, in which a period of deluge following a sharp drought considerably expanded the areal extent of prairie pothole lakes during the last decade of the twentieth century. Preliminary estimates of lake areas, determined using LANDSAT 5 and 7 images, had appreciable errors especially for the smallest of these lakes. This article describes a new sub-pixel approach integrated with a CART (Classification and Regression Tree) model using a GIS (Geographical Information System) to quantify mixed water pixels along lake boundaries to improve area estimations for pothole lakes. Errors in estimated area were typically 10% or less for lakes greater than 1 ha in size. An analysis of lakes in our study area demonstrates how lake area changed with the transition from drought to deluge. Small lakes exhibited a distinct seasonal variation in contrast to large lakes that tended to follow precipitation trends more broadly. The total water area of lakes is consistent with broad variation in rainfall.     

Spatial autocorrelation of West Nile virus vector mosquito abundance in a seasonally wet suburban environment

The objective of this study is to quantify and model spatial dependence in mosquito vector populations and develop predictions for unsampled locations using geostatistics. Mosquito control program trap sites are often located too far apart to detect spatial dependence but the results show that integration of spatial data over time for Cx. pipiens-restuans and according to meteorological conditions for Ae. vexans enables spatial analysis of sparse sample data. This study shows that mosquito abundance is spatially correlated and that spatial dependence differs between Cx. pipiens-restuans and Ae. vexans mosquitoes.      

一种MBR约束下的高分光学影像直角建筑物提取与标绘方法

针对高空间分辨率遥感影像中建筑物信息提取与标绘问题,提出了一种MBR约束下的高分光学影像中直角建筑物信息提取与标绘方法。首先采用多尺度影像对象分割与CART决策树分类技术,提取影像中的建筑物区域;其次用Candy算子提取出建筑物的粗轮廓,并将其转化为点集形式表示;然后通过轮廓点集计算建筑物最小外包矩形（MBR）,对建筑物的轮廓进行分段拟合与优化;最后通过交点方向决策器确定建筑物的角点,依次连接各角点实现建筑物的标绘。通过计算建筑物的面积与周长,确定周长相对精度为93.3%,面积相对精度为96.1%,本文方法可以有效提高建筑物的标绘精度。     

气候变化对6种荒漠动物分布的潜在影响

分析气候变化对动物分布的影响,对气候变化影响下保护生物多样性具有重要的意义。利用CART(classification and regression tree,分类和回归树)模型,采用A2和B2气候变化情景,模拟分析了气候变化对鹅猴羚（柴达木亚种）、鹅猴羚（南疆亚种）、草原斑猫、蒙古野驴、石貂和野骆驼适宜分布范围及空间分布格局影响。结果显示,气候变化下,这些动物目前适宜分布范围将缩小,到2081—2100年时段,鹅猴羚（南疆亚种）、草原斑猫和蒙古野驴变化幅度最大,鹅猴羚（柴达木亚种）、石貂和野骆驼次之。另外,从1991—2020年时段到2081—2100年时段,鹅猴羚（柴达木亚种）、石貂和野骆驼新适宜及总适宜分布范围随时间段呈增加趋势,其他动物这些范围呈现减小的趋势。蒙古野驴目前适宜分布区西部、北部、南部和东南部一些区域将不适宜,新适宜分布范围将向青海西北部和西藏西部扩展;鹅猴羚（南疆亚种）适宜分布区极大破碎化,新适宜范围在新疆西部、北部及昆仑山呈零星分布;草原斑猫目前适宜区南部、西部和东部一些区域将不适宜,新适宜分布范围将向目前适宜分布区西部、北部、南部扩展;其他动物主要是目前适宜分布区南部及东南部一些区域不适宜,新适宜分布区将向目前分布区西部、西北和北部扩展。这些动物适宜分布范围变化与我国年均气温和降水量变化相关性不一致,多数物种相关性较低,并且这些物种适宜分布范围没有随年均气温变化和降水量变化而线性改变,多数物种回归关系决定系数较小。结果说明,气候变化背景下,近期将使这些动物适宜分布范围减少,新适宜分布范围增加,分布空间格局改变。