Influences of climate,terrain and land cover on stream salinity in southeastern Australia,and implications for management through reforestation

Reforestation of cleared land has the potential to reduce groundwater recharge, salt mobilization and streamflow. Stream salinity change is the net result of changes in stream salt load and streamflow. The net effect of these changes varies spatially as a function of climate, terrain and land cover. Successful natural resource management requires methods to map the spatial variability of reforestation impacts. We investigated salinity data from 2000 bores and streamflow and salinity measurements from 27 catchments in the Goulburn–Broken region in southeast Australia to assess the main factors determining stream salinity and opportunities for management through reforestation. For groundwater systems of similar geology, relationships were found between average annual rainfall and groundwater salinity and between groundwater salinity and low‐flow salinity. Despite its simplicity, we found that the steady‐state component of a simple conceptual coupled water–salt mass balance model (BC2C) adequately explained the spatial variation in streamflow and salinity. The model results suggest the efficiency of afforestation to reduce stream salinity could be increased by more than an order of magnitude through spatial planning. However, appreciable reductions in stream salinity in large rivers through land cover change alone would still require reforestation on an unprecedented scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of land use change and check‐dams on catchment sediment yield

Extensive land use changes have occurred in many areas of SE Spain as a result of reforestation and the abandonment of agricultural activities. Parallel to this the Spanish Administration spends large funds on hydrological control works to reduce erosion and sediment transport. However, it remains untested how these large land use changes affect the erosion processes at the catchment scale and if the hydrological control works efficiently reduce sediment export. A combination of field work, mapping and modelling was used to test the influence of land use scenarios with and without sediment control structures (check‐dams) on sediment yield at the catchment scale. The study catchment is located in SE Spain and suffered important land use changes, increasing the forest cover 3‐fold and decreasing the agricultural land 2·5‐fold from 1956 to 1997. In addition 58 check‐dams were constructed in the catchment in the 1970s accompanying reforestation works. The erosion model WATEM‐SEDEM was applied using six land use scenarios: land use in 1956, 1981 and 1997, each with and without check‐dams. Calibration of the model provided a model efficiency of 0·84 for absolute sediment yield. Model application showed that in a scenario without check dams, the land use changes between 1956 and 1997 caused a progressive decrease in sediment yield of 54%. In a scenario without land use changes but with check‐dams, about 77% of the sediment yield was retained behind the dams. Check‐dams can be efficient sediment control measures, but with a short‐lived effect. They have important side‐effects, such as inducing channel erosion downstream. While also having side‐effects, land use changes can have important long‐term effects on sediment yield. The application of either land use changes (i.e. reforestation) or check‐dams to control sediment yield depends on the objective of the management and the specific environmental conditions of each area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地综合整治动态管理信息系统构建分析

在调研山东省土地综合整治现状的基础上提出了当前工作中存在的问题,并对建立土地综合整治动态管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析。提出基于3S技术、ArcGIS软件平台、计算机技术、网络技术,构建土地综合整治动态管理信息系统的设想,有利于提升山东省土地综合整治项目管理水平。     

土地覆盖对岩溶地下河碳汇的影响——以广西打狗河流域为例

以广西打狗河为例,对比分析河流东、西两岸地下河的土地覆盖差异及其对岩溶碳汇的影响。打狗河东岸林地占56.13%,耕地占15.15%;而西岸林地、耕地分别只占20.8%、12.95%。但西岸的裸岩和荒地比例大,分别占29.57%和25.95%,而东岸分别占14.19%和10.98%。植被和土壤覆盖差异导致了东、西两岸碳循环的地球化学指标有明显的差异,东岸地下河水的HCO3-、Ca2+、PCO2(平均分别是233.71mg/L、85.5mg/L、909.46Pa)明显高于西岸(分别为177.26mg/L、64.65mg/L、257.37Pa),而东岸的SIC、pH值(分别为0.12和7.40)又低于西岸(分别是0.38和7.85)。因此,东岸有更强的岩溶动力条件,东岸地下河的平均碳汇强度比西岸高14%,其中,东岸下桥地下河的碳汇强度是西岸旦峒地下河的3.7倍。东西岸地下河水的δ13CDIC、TOC资料也进一步证明了土地覆盖条件对地下河岩溶碳汇具有重要的影响。      

松辽盆地舍伯吐地区第三系砂体层间氧化-还原过渡带发育特征及其含铀性

松辽盆地是上叠于海西褶皱带基底之上的中新生代陆相沉积盆地。舍伯吐地区位于松辽盆地西南部，区内上第三系松散堆积层赋存有3层稳定的砂体。砂体中均发育有不同规模的区域性层间氧化带。经钻探揭露，榆树屯地段Ⅱ层砂体的层间氧化-还原过渡带比较典型，并有铀和钼的次生富集，这一发现为松辽盆地找矿工作的突破展现了良好的前景。     

门源M6.9地震诱发地质灾害特征研究

2022年1月8日发生的门源M6.9地震诱发了崩塌、滑坡、砂土液化、地裂缝等多种同震地质灾害。通过对门源M6.9地震地质灾害进行现场调查,得出了地质灾害的分布特征和各类型地质灾害的主要特点,分析了地震地质灾害不发育的原因,并对地震地质灾害的长期效应进行了分析预测。研究结果表明：门源地震诱发地质灾害主要分布在震中附近;崩塌、落石总体规模较小,滑坡多为岩质滑坡,且以冰碛物和表层岩土体的溜滑为主。受表层土体冻结和孔隙水压力消散的影响,饱和砂土液化沿较窄的地裂缝呈串珠状分布,喷出物多为粉细砂。地震形成了4条左旋左阶斜列的地表破裂带,并在极震区内形成了大量的地裂缝。断层破碎带对地震动的阻隔作用、覆盖层薄、地表土冻结可能是造成本次地震地质灾害总体不发育的主要原因;地震产生的大量地裂缝导致斜坡和堆积体的稳定性减弱,在耦合集中降雨、冻融作用等因素后可能诱发滑坡灾害,松散堆积于沟床处的崩滑物作为物源,可能会增加地震影响区泥石流灾害的风险。     

沿海经济发达地区农村居民点整理适宜性研究——以福清市为例

以福建省沿海经济较发达的福清市为例,通过对样本区域农村居民点用地的现状进行调查,并在调查数据的基础上测算出农村居民点用地的整理潜力,以此为基础,选取福清市土地利用现状、自然因素、社会因素、经济因素等方面12个指标,采用因子分析和聚类分析方法对农村居民点整理的适宜性进行评价,根据聚类结果将18个评价单元划分为4个不同的适宜性类型区,结合实际情况和定量分析过程提出各类型区的整理途径和整理对策.     

Saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta: amelioration zonation based on GIS

Globally, an estimated land area of 9.55×108 ha is affected by salinity and sodicity[1]. In the Yellow River Delta, saline-alkali land covers more than 70% of the total area. Soil salinization is the key factor that influences sustainable agricultural development. Geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool for spatial data analysis, which can be used to analyze data from different sources for saline-alkali land monitoring. Based on GIS, zonation of saline-alkali land can provi…     

有控放气措施下含浅层气地层的一维变形分析

人为控制性放气是杭州地铁工程施工前防治浅层气地质灾害的必要措施。通过对浅层气藏形成中的水气运移过程分析可知,气藏原始包气带内的水压力和吸力沿厚度呈线性分布,孔隙水压力的大小与其相同位置处的静水压力相当;借助储层土体的室内土-水特征曲线并结合现场勘探资料,能够获得气藏初始饱和度分布。在分析有控放气措施下气藏内部水气运移基础上,利用GDS非饱和应力路径三轴系统地研究了气体释放过程中储气砂土的湿化变形,并给出了气体释放引起的含气地层沉降变形的预测方法。结果表明,在经历了形成过程中的自然脱湿后,储集层砂土被进一步压密,而工程放气措施引起的水浸或再吸湿过程中,单由饱和度或吸力减小所引起的砂土湿化变形量很小,可忽略其工程影响;有控放气措施下,由气体释放引起的浅层含气地层沉降沿气藏厚度自上而下依次递减,总沉降量约为气藏总厚度的1‰～5‰。     

敦煌莫高窟风沙危害综合防护体系探讨

通过对敦煌莫高窟防沙历史的综合总结和分析,认为莫高窟作为我国乃至世界古代灿烂文化艺术的瑰宝,是甘肃对外交流的主要窗口之一,也是我国重要的旅游地之一。单纯的消极人工清沙已远远不能适应现代社会对生态环境质量的需要和旅游业作为该地区经济发展基本点的要求。那么,创造一个良好的旅游生态环境及文物保护工作环境,不仅有利于整个窟区生态环境的改善,且其示范效应将带动本地区乃至整个河西地区的荒漠化治理。根据风沙环境特征,提出了莫高窟防护体系建立的主导思想是:以防治西北、西南主害风为主,根据鸣沙山、砂(砾)质戈壁、窟顶崖面等不同地带的具体风沙运动规律,采取以固为主,固、阻、输、导相结合的防护原则,以切断或削弱鸣沙山沙源和固定流沙,并消除沙砾质戈壁面的就地起沙为目的,建立一个由工程、生物、化学措施组成的多层次、多功能的综合防护体系,从根本上消除风沙活动对莫高窟的危害。同时对莫高窟综合防护体系建设的总体布局及防护宽度、砾石铺压的基本原理作了一个初步的探讨。