“被高铁”现象的理性分析——以京沪高铁为例

近年来,中国高铁步入快速建设期,而高铁建设的重要目的之一就是客货分流。高铁客运专线的建设大大地提升了客运能力,从而可以释放既有线路的运输能力于货物运输。但是高铁客运的票价也高于既有线路,同时由于普通列车车次的减少,使得居民出行可能要被迫选择票价更高的高铁,这种现象称作“被高铁”。本文对媒体关注的“被高铁”现象进行了理性分析,以京沪高铁沿线城市为例,根据2015年1月1日列车时刻表数据计算出的时间节省的货币成本与小时工资(时间价值)作比较,并结合高铁车次比重,计算了不同城市的居民“被高铁”的可能性。研究发现：①很多“城市对”之间都存在时间节省的货币成本高于小时工资的情况,“被高铁”现象较为普遍;②“被高铁”的可能性在50%左右;③各城市“被高铁”的程度有较大差异,京沪高铁沿线城市的“被高铁程度”整体呈现出“两头低,中段高,长三角相对较低”的特征。研究认为,虽然从目前来看,京沪高铁沿线城市的普通列车班次减少不明显,但如果进行较大幅度调整,很多低收入旅客出行时可能会被迫选择高铁,并将带来负面的社会影响。本文的理性分析可为列车班次的调整方案提供参考。     

Wave resistance for high-speed catamarans

The object of this study was to investigate the wave resistance component for high-speed catamarans. Two methods were applied: the slender-body theory proposed by Michell [Philos. Mag. 45(5) (1898) 106] and a 3D method used by Shipflow^™ (FLOWTECH, Shipflow^™ 2.4, User Manual, 1988) software.Results were obtained for different types of twin hulls and attention was given to the effects of catamaran hull spacing.The study also included the effects of shallow water on the wave resistance component.Special attention was given to the height of waves generated by the craft to ascertain effects on river banks.     

Simultaneous optical and electrical observations on the initial processes of altitude-triggered negative lightning

Using a high-speed camera system and two electric field antenna systems, we have documented the initial processes of an altitude-triggered negative lightning (ATNL). The optical records clearly show that ATNL begins with the inception and propagation of an upward positive leader (UPL) and then a simultaneous propagation of UPL and downward negative leader (DNL), known as the bidirectional leader process, follows. Based on the optical records, it is inferred that (1) the triggering height is about 371 m; (2) the two-dimensional (2D) propagation speed of the UPL in its inception phase is about 3.8–5.5 × 10⁴ m s^− 1 during its propagation from about 393 to 452 m above the ground; (3) the grey levels of the DNL are about one order of magnitude higher than that of the UPL in their inception phase; (4) a discharge phenomenon propagating along the elevated triggering wire part of the lightning channel occurs after the mini-return stroke (MRS), with a 2D propagation speed of about 1.6–2.0 × 10⁵ m s^− 1. Combined with the simultaneous electric field change records, it is further inferred that (1) the UPL incepts about 932 μs earlier than the unstable DNL and about 4.1 ms earlier than the stable DNL; (2) the unstable DNL propagates downward intermittently three times with a time interval of about 1 ms, and each propagation contains a different number of steps with an average step length of about 7 m; (3) the stable DNL incepts at the tip of the unstable one, with a 2D propagation speed of about 1.9 × 10⁵ m s^− 1, an average step length of about 3 m, and a stepping time interval varying from 6 to 31 µs with a mean value of 15 µs.     

汶川地震触发文家沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流成因机理分析

文家沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流位于映秀—北川断裂带与灌县—安县断裂带夹持的文家沟向斜断块中,地震断裂的强烈活动引起的振动效应是形成滑坡的先决条件。滑坡源区顶端与文家沟沟口高差约1360m,突兀山体下临深切峡谷的地形使地震动荷载在山脊部位的放大效应显著,并直接导致坡体破坏;滑坡源区的地震动加速度3分量峰值分别为aEW=2.4g,aNS=2.3g,aUP=1.2g。D2gn观雾山组石灰岩斜坡具有强度渐进式分层结构,坡体表层以下约50m内的结构相对松散的残坡积层～新鲜岩体上部无法抵抗地震纵横波的周期性拉压与剪切耦合作用,被切割成为初始滑体;滑体在第八级台地边缘高位剪出后,在文家沟上游地区最高滑移速度约介于93m.s-1～122m.s-1之间。滑体上部的干碎屑流在两处路径转折端瞬间压缩沟谷内的圈闭气体,形成明显的"气垫效应",滑体下部泥石流底层液化和颗粒有效动摩擦系数随剪切速度增大而减小的效应都是导致碎屑流体高速远程滑移的关键;同时,碎屑物流通过程中还伴有明显的岸坡铲刮与翻越效应、以及树木摧削效应。汶川地震后截至2009年9月,降雨诱发碎屑堆积物形成多次泥石流,反映了地震地质灾害的链生性和长期性。     

首次回击具有双接地点的地闪光学和电学特征的个例分析

利用成像率为1000幅／s的数字化高速摄像系统和时间分辨率为1μs的快、慢天线闪电电场变化测量仪在广州附近观测到一次首次回击具有两个接地点的负极性地闪。两个分支到达地面的时间间隔约为30μs;在发生回击R2时,其中一个分支的直窜先导发展成为企图先导。观测发现M一分量的发光要比梯级先导强;回击间的K一变化与云中的在击穿和通道的延伸有关,但不引起云地间通道的发光。光学和电场变化的同步观测证实了直窜一梯级先导的发展速度与前一次回击的时间间隔有关,较快的先导发展速度对应于较短的回击时间间隔,较慢的发展速度对应于较长的回击时间间隔。另外,本文在资料分析的基础上,提出了产生双接地点的四种可能原因。     

Analysis of train-induced vibrations and vibration reduction schemes above and below critical Rayleigh speeds by finite element method

This paper simulates soil vibration under the train speed below and over the soil Rayleigh speed using the three-dimensional finite element method. Two vibration isolation schemes were studied including the soil improvement around the railway and the concrete slab constructed between the rail and soil. Numerical results indicate that the vibration increases considerably and decays slowly when the train speed exceeds the soil Rayleigh speed. The wave direction and dominant frequencies are the simple functions of the train speed, the soil Rayleigh speed and the train compartment length. When the train speed exceeds the shear wave speed, the vibration magnitude is critical and not sensitive to the train speed. To reduce this vibration, the two isolation schemes investigated in this study are useful for the train speed over the soil Rayleigh speed, but they are not efficient for the train speed below the soil Rayleigh speed.     

青藏高原一次地闪放电过程的分析

利用成像率为1000 幅/s的高速摄像系统和快、慢电场变化仪以及宽带干涉仪系统等探测仪器在青藏高原那曲地区所观测的地闪资料,对一次地闪回击及其之前的持续时间较长的云内放电过程进行了分析.结果表明：地闪先导前的云内放电过程发生于雷暴云下部正电荷区和中部负电荷区之间;云中部负电荷区距离地面的高度为28～45 km;闪电的起始放电发生区域距离地面的高度为10～17 km;初始流光在云外发展时具有很大的水平分量和较多的分支;梯级先导的速度为1×105 m/s,在向地面发展时出现较大的弯曲;首次回击放电过程与低海拔地区没有差异,通道中的峰值电流有241 kA;继后回击相对较弱.     

京沪高铁轨道板精调相关技术问题研究及对策

介绍了轨道板博格精调技术,详细论述并有效改进了精调操作流程,针对精调过程中常见问题提出了解决办法,最后对轨道板的精调成果进行了简要分析。     

京沪高铁站点对周边地区的经济带动效应研究——来自DMSP/OLS和NPP/VIIRS卫星灯光数据的证据

随着中国高铁建设的全面铺开,高铁新城正在成为许多城市发展的“新引擎”。本研究以京沪高铁站点为例,分析沿线高铁站点对周边地区的经济带动效应。由于相关社会经济数据的匮乏,文章应用DMSP/OLS和NPP/VIIRS卫星灯光数据结合距离圈层法对京沪高铁站点的经济效应进行评估。研究结果表明,高铁开通后,中等规模城市所在的高铁站点周边地区受益最大,其次是大城市高铁站点的周边地区,而居于小城市的高铁站点对周边地区的带动效果不明显。     

高速铁路大跨连续梁桥地震反应分析及抗震校核

针对高速铁路大跨连续梁桥的结构特点,结合三水准的抗震设防目标,给出了各水准下桥梁的抗震验算指标.采用反应谱法及弹塑性时程反应分析法对一实桥进行了地震反应分析及抗震性能评价.结果表明固定墩控制该桥的抗震设计.在多遇地震作用下固定墩处于弹性状态;在罕遇地震作用下固定墩纵向进入塑性,但位移延性系数小于规范容许值,结构具有较高的延性储备.该桥的抗震能力满足三水准抗震设防目标.