美丽海湾的概念、科学理解、行动框架和发展建议

海湾是保护与利用矛盾最突出的区域,是生态环境保护研究关注的焦点区域。“十四五”期间,生态环境管理部门将以海湾为抓手,稳步推进美丽海湾建设。但是目前美丽海湾的相关概念和理论尚不完善,鉴于此,文章在回顾国内外海洋生态环境治理发展历程的基础上,梳理了国内外在海湾生态环境治理方面的主要经验教训,在此基础上完善了美丽海湾的概念以及对概念的科学理解,提出了美丽海湾的行动框架,并对我国建设美丽海湾提出了做好顶层设计,完善法规制度;制定清晰的目标,并层层分解落实;做好陆海统筹,注重以海定陆;注重科技支撑,科技参与决策;发动公众积极参与美丽海湾建设等建议,以期为美丽海湾建设提供技术支撑。     

美丽中国与国土空间规划关系的地理学思考

The concept of‘Beautiful China'is a new goal of ecological construction in the new era of socialism and aims to meet the needs of people as they strive for a better life.National land spatial planning is one major component of the Chinese state's overall planning for various spatial types.The concept of‘Beautiful China'is thus a leading goal of Chinese development in the second centenary.The background of this concept aims for‘ecological beauty'as well as the combined beauty of‘economy-politics-culture-society-ecology.'The construction of‘Beautiful China'therefore necessitates a differentiated evaluation index system that is built on the basis of local conditions.This concept is intimately related to land spatial planning and the idea of Beautiful China guides an important direction for this planning which itself provides an important mechanism and spatial guarantee for construction.The establishment of land spatial planning nevertheless needs to strengthen further discussion of the regional system of human-land relationship,point axis system,main functional division,sustainable development,resources and environmental carrying capacity as well as new urbanization,and the rural multi-system.The aim of this paper is to summarize current thinking in land spatial planning,scientifically analyze the natural geographical conditions,the socioeconomic development,the interrelationship of the land space,plan the goal,vision and path of land space,encourage the public to participate in and carry out dynamic evaluation,build an intelligent system platform for land and spatial planning to realize the goal of‘Beautiful China'from a geographical perspective.And they can also present key ideas relating to the compilation and implementation of land spatial planning.     

中国干旱区沙化土地绿色环保治理技术综述

土地沙化是中国面临的严重生态问题。沙化土地治理是中国生态文明建设的重点和难点,也是建设美丽中国必须要面对和解决的问题。在干旱区使用人工植被和草方格机械沙障等措施治理沙化土地效果显著,但同时也存在一定的局限性。针对这些问题,近年来中国学者研发和探索了人工生物土壤结皮等诸多新型、快速的沙化土地绿色环保治理技术。本文评述了2000年以来中国学者在这一领域开展的系列创新性研究,分析了其研究前沿和未来发展趋势,以期为全面、准确认识和评估绿色环保沙化土地治理技术提供重要依据。     

美丽中国建设——人地和谐共生理论与评估指标体系及应用

The Beautiful China Initiative(BCI)is a plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation as well as for China to fulfill the United Nations’2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The Chinese government’s“five-in-one”approach provides strategic arrangements for developing the BCI,and President Xi Jinping proposed a timetable and“road map”for the BCI at the National Conference on Ecological and Environmental Protection.Nevertheless,the theoretical basis,evaluation index system,evaluation criteria and effectiveness of the BCI are currently unclear.This paper begins by exploring the basic content of the BCI from narrow and broad perspectives.It regards the theory of human-nature harmonious coexistence and the five-in-one beauty theory as the core theoretical bases of the BCI and constructs a five-element BCI evaluation index system(ecological environment,green development,social harmony,system perfection and cultural heritage)and utilizes the assessment method of the United Nations’Human Development Index to assess scientifically the effectiveness of the BCI in 341 prefecture-level cities.The results show the average BCI index(the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beauty Index)score to be 0.28,which is quite low,while the average scores for the individual element indexes of the ecological environment index,green development index,social harmony index,system perfection index and cultural heritage index are 0.6,0.22,0.29,0.22 and 0.07,respectively.All of these are relatively low values,with relatively large discrepancies in regional development,indicating that progress in the BCI is generally slow and unbalanced.To realize the BCI’s timetable and roadmap to a high quality and high standard,it is suggested that a common system for evaluating the progress of the BCI is developed and promulgated so that dynamic monitoring and phased evaluations can take place;BCI technical assessment standards are compiled and published;BCI comprehensive zoning is undertaken;pilot projects adapted to local conditions are launched in BCI sample areas;and BCI results are incorporated into performance indicators at all levels of government.     

江苏省美丽海湾建设实践路径及对策建议

美丽海湾是“十四五”时期海洋生态环境保护的主线。近年来,江苏省全面落实党中央、国务院关于推进美丽海湾建设的部署要求,在全国率先建立了美丽海湾资金补助及全过程监管等系列制度体系,并组织开展了第一批美丽海湾省级示范项目建设工作,为全国美丽海湾建设贡献了江苏样板。文章在分析近年来江苏省美丽海湾建设进展、面临的问题和挑战的基础上,探讨江苏省美丽海湾建设的实践路径并提出：陆海统筹改善近岸海域水质,以海水水质不能稳定达标的海域为重点,着力抓紧抓实入海河流治理与管控。健全协调机制,统筹协作推进美丽海湾建设任务。通过整治修复受损岸滩、加强海洋垃圾治理、完善配套公共设施,拓展亲海空间,提升亲海品质。加强海湾生态环境评价,梯次推进美丽海湾建设等对策建议,助力海洋生态环境状况根本好转。     

基于生态系统空间异质性的美丽中国生态建设分区

落实“山水林田湖草生命共同体”理念,提出美丽中国生态建设优化途径已成为当前亟待解决的关键科学问题和国家生态文明建设的重大需求。因地制宜地做好美丽中国建设的生态区划,提出生态建设分区方案,是实现美丽中国愿景的重要路径。目前,生态区划对于新时期系统性生态建设内涵,以及全球气候和人类活动变化双重背景对生态系统空间异质性影响的考虑不足。本文通过构建“景观美、服务美、安全美”的三位一体美丽中国生态建设分区的理论框架,综合考虑生态系统结构、格局、质量、服务、胁迫等因素的空间异质性,建立美丽中国生态建设分区三级指标体系,以及对生态现状本底和退化程度进行评估的生态建设综合指数和生态退化综合指数。以全国第三级流域为基本单元,基于指标现状特征及生态综合评估结果,通过空间聚类分析将全国划分为5个一级生态建设区和13类22个二级生态建设区,并在二级分区的基础上选择典型区划分出三级生态建设区。分区结果为美丽中国生态建设提供应用支撑。此外,未来生态建设分区的指标构建应当更加注重指标之间的关联性和生态系统功能的多样性,并进一步耦合气候变化和人类活动对生态系统的双重干扰。