Effects of spatially structured vegetation patterns on hillslope erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean environment: a simulation study

A general trend of decreasing soil loss rates with increasing vegetation cover fraction is widely accepted. Field observations and experimental work, however, show that the form of the cover‐erosion function can vary considerably, in particular for low cover conditions that prevail on arid and semiarid hillslopes. In this paper the structured spatial distribution of the vegetation cover and associated soil attributes is proposed as one of the possible causes of variation in cover–erosion relationships, in particular in dryland environments where patchy vegetation covers are common. A simulation approach was used to test the hypothesis that hillslope discharge and soil loss could be affected by variation in the spatial correlation structure of coupled vegetation cover and soil patterns alone. The Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) was parameterized and verified for a small catchment with discontinuous vegetation cover at Rambla Honda, SE Spain. Using the same parameter sets LISEM was subsequently used to simulate water and sediment fluxes on 1 ha hypothetical hillslopes with simulated spatial distributions of vegetation and soil parameters. Storms of constant rainfall intensity in the range of 30–70 mm h^?1 and 10–30 min duration were applied. To quantify the effect of the spatial correlation structure of the vegetation and soil patterns, predicted discharge and soil loss rates from hillslopes with spatially structured distributions of vegetation and soil parameters were compared with those from hillslopes with spatially uniform distributions. The results showed that the spatial organization of bare and vegetated surfaces alone can have a substantial impact on predicted storm discharge and erosion. In general, water and sediment yields from hillslopes with spatially structured distributions of vegetation and soil parameters were greater than from identical hillslopes with spatially uniform distributions. Within a storm the effect of spatially structured vegetation and soil patterns was observed to be highly dynamic, and to depend on rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重庆市两江隧道合理覆盖层厚度研究

重庆市拟通过朝天门两江隧道等来实现渝中半岛、江北城和南岸弹子石三地之间的快捷连接。江底隧道的覆盖层厚度十分重要。如果覆盖层厚度太小,江底隧道工作面就有面临严重的失稳问题和江水涌入的危险,会使辅助工法的投入增大,另一方面覆盖层厚度太大将增加江底隧道的长度、坡度与造价。分别采用工程类比法与数值模拟法确定了重庆市朝天门两江隧道越江段钻爆法施工的合理覆盖层厚度。     

Pervasive wetland flooding in the glacial drift prairie of North Dakota (USA)

This article describes a unique flood hazard, produced by the dramatic expansion of wetlands in Nelson County, located within the North American Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA. There has been an unprecedented increase in the number, average size, and permanence of prairie wetlands, and a significant increase in the size of a closed lake (Stump Lake) due to a decade-long wet spell that began in 1993 following a prolonged drying trend. Base-line land cover information from the 1992 USGS National Land Cover Characterization dataset, and a Landsat TM scene acquired 9 July 2001 are used to assess the growth of the closed lake and wetland pond surface areas, and to analyze the type and area of various land cover classes inundated between 1992 and 2001. The open water profile in Nelson County changed from one marked by relatively comparable coverage of closed lake and wetland pond areas in 1992, to one in which wetland open water accounted for the vast majority of total open water in 2001. The bulk of the wetland pond area expansion occurred by displacing existing wetland vegetation and agricultural cropland. Producers responded to the flood hazard by filing Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) claims and enrolling cropland in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), a federal land retirement program. Land taken out of agricultural production has had an enormous impact upon the agricultural sector that forms the economic base of the rural economy. In 2001 the land taken out of production due to CRP enrollment and preventive planting claims represented nearly 42% of Nelson County’s 205.2 K ha base agricultural land. The patterns obtained from this detailed study of Nelson County are likely to be the representative of the more publicized flood disaster occurring within the Devils Lake Basin of North Dakota.     

Chemical composition of upper crust in eastern China

In an area of 3.3×10⁶ km² within eastern China, 28 253 rock samples were collected systematically and combined into 2718 composite samples which were analyzed by 15 reliable methods using national preliminary certified reference materials (CRMs) for data quality monitoring. The average chemical compositions of the exposed crust, the sedimentary cover and the exposed basement as well as the upper crust for 76 chemical elements in eastern China are given. A key basic geology projcct supported by Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China.     

华南大陆四次裂陷和中新生代南华造山带

同位素地质学、岩石学、成矿学、地球物理学等新成果表明，华南震旦纪以来的构造层之下普遍存在元古代一太古代变质基底。四堡期（Ｐｔ＋２）雪峰期（Ｐｔ３）发生两次陆内裂陷，形成断续的岩石圈断裂，局部性陆间沟一弧和小洋盆，把华南古大陆分成扬子块体和华夏块体。两次陆缘裂陷分别形成广西期（Ｚ一Ｓ）华南大陆边缘弧后扩张盆地和新生代琉球弧一菲律宾弧后东海一南海扩张盆地。东海一南海的前寒武纪陆块是华南一东南亚大陆裂解碎块，它不存在另一前寒武纪陆块，不存在印支一南海准地台。讨论了许靖华关于华南三叠纪碰撞造山带的理论，结论如下：（１）华南造山带命题正确，但论据不真实，对于该造山带的性质、特点和形成机制的理解不确切。（２）元古代构造混杂岩一蛇绿混杂岩不能做为三叠纪造山带的证据。（３）不存在扬子和华南二块体的三叠纪碰撞，因为没有发生过“印支造山运动”，也没有出现过古生代湘赣浙大洋。（４）华南是双向“干造山带”，泥盆纪至中王叠世地台盖层和上覆中新生代盆地层在无海侵的大地构造环境下，经历了多幕造山运动，形成具有双向大地构造线的造山带。在南西侧的特提斯构造域以北西一北西西向占优势；在南东侧的北西太平洋构造域以北东向为主。（５）地台盖层和盆地     

陕北榆林地区土地覆被变化分析

基于1981~2001 年NOVAA/AVHRR 和1998~2004 年SPOT VEGETATION 归一化植被 指数(NDVI) 数据, 对榆林地区植被动态变化进了定量研究, 并且利用多年气象数据分析了降水 和温度变化情况。结果表明: 榆林地区植被有了明显改善, 其改善状况集中于8、9、10 月份; 植被 覆被变化具有明显的区域差异, 北部植被覆盖改善的趋势明显, 且变化比较平稳; 南部增加趋势 不明显, 有的地方还呈下降趋势, 变化幅度大。     

“神舟七号”飞船主着陆场区强对流天气的气候背景和环流条件

利用NCEP再分析资料,对2008年8～9月内蒙主着陆场区强对流天气频发和降水异常偏多现象,研究其形成的气候背景和大尺度环流特征.结果表明:前期赤道西太平洋海表温度异常偏低、欧亚和青藏高原积雪异常偏深是其前期气候背景.极涡中心8月位于东半球和9月位于西半球,是场区前期降水偏多和后期气温偏高的原因之一.欧亚经向环流的偏强,有利于南北方冷暖空气的交汇.副热带高压偏强偏西及活跃的印缅槽为场区提供了充沛的水汽和强对流天气必要的扰动能量.中低层偏南风和偏北风在淮河以北地区汇合与维持,是场区降水异常和强对流偏多的主要原因.     

新疆和田河流域土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动力分析

土地利用／覆盖变化及其驱动力分析是土地利用／覆盖研究的一个主要核心内容。利用1990年、1999年和2005年和田河流域3期土地利用数据,对和田河流域1990—2005年土地利用/覆被变化进行了定量的分析研究,同时利用相关分析和主成分分析探讨了土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力。研究结果表明:在15 a尺度上研究区土地利用/覆被变化总特征是耕地、林地、水域和建设用地面积增加,草地和未利用地面积减少;土地利用程度变化量为0.56%,流域土地利用处于发展时期;优势度没有发生明显的变化,未利用地一直最高。研究区土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动力为人口因素、经济因素、富裕程度、政策因素、技术因素和水文因素等,各驱动因素以合力形式作用于土地利用/覆被使其变化,其中,人口因素在土地利用/覆被变化中起主导作用。     

春夏季青藏高原积雪对中国夏末秋初 降水的影响及其可能机制

本文首先利用最大协方差分析方法,探讨青藏高原积雪与中国降水之间的联系,发现中国夏末秋初（8～10月,简称ASO）降水与前期及同期高原积雪有着显著联系,当春夏季青藏高原西部多雪时,其后ASO中国长江及其以南地区多雨,而东部沿海的狭长区域少雨。进一步引入最大响应估计等方法,研究中国区域降水对高原积雪异常的响应及其可能的物理机制,结果表明,冬春季高原多雪异常可持续到夏季,并通过改变地表热力状况,导致ASO南亚高压减弱,同时在高、低空激发出两支波列:高层200 hPa波列沿中高纬西风急流传播,自高原经蒙古到达日本呈现明显的“负—正—负”位势高度异常传播,日本上空为气旋性异常环流;低层850 hPa波列起于高原,经孟加拉湾至中国南海,沿着西南气流传播,导致台湾附近的反气旋性异常环流,其西侧的偏南气流,将南海丰富的水汽输送至中国南部湖南、广西;而高层中心位于日本的气旋性异常环流西侧的偏北气流利于北方天气尺度扰动向南移动,它们为长江中下游及其以南地区多雨提供了有利条件。进一步计算定常波波数也表明,高层西风急流与低层西南季风气流作为波导,有利于高原上空的扰动沿着高、低空2支通道向东传播。由于东部沿海浙江、福建为正位势高度异常区,低层反气旋性异常环流则抑制了该区域的降水。