碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用——以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例

多旋回叠合盆地断层具有异常复杂的构造变形与成岩演变,跨学科结合的构造成岩作用研究为断层破碎带演变机制与流体-岩石作用分析提供了新思路。结合塔中Ⅰ号断裂带构造解析和地化资料分析,探讨古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用的特殊性。结果表明,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统台缘带碳酸盐岩断层破碎带发育多类、多期构造成岩作用,明显不同于围岩。断层破碎带宽度高达2~4km,裂缝类型多样、纵横向变化大、开启程度较高。沿断裂带压实作用较弱且有差异,发现有碳酸盐岩压实变形带发育,并有后期裂缝与溶蚀作用形成的局部高渗透带。断层破碎带观测到多期压溶低角度缝合线与高角度构造缝合线,部分具有渗透性。多达4~5期不同类型胶结作用沿裂缝带发育,大气淡水胶结较多,胶结程度相对较弱。准同生期大气淡水溶蚀与局部风化壳岩溶主要沿断层破碎带发育,而且埋藏溶蚀作用较强,发育大型缝洞体与溶蚀孔洞。构造成岩作用揭示塔中Ⅰ号断裂带东段上奥陶统碳酸盐岩断层破碎带经历断裂萌芽期-形成期-定型期-复活扩张期-局部开启期等5期演变,不同演化期构造成岩作用有明显差异。构造成岩作用的多期差异活动是造成古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带复杂性的重要因素。     

Factors Affecting the Variation of Glacier Surface Runoff-Coefficient in the Recent Years

The mass balance of Urumqi Glacier No.1 (Glacier No.1) was calculated by water balance method and direct measurement method respectively. Water balance method is a kind of calculating method, which studies about the relationship between storage, supply and consumption of water resource in a certain area in a certain period of time (Time for this research is a mass balance year).Mass balance calculated by this method and acquired by filed observation was compared and analyzed. Therefore we got their correlation and expected to apply it to other high latitude and altitude areas.Mass balance and glacial runoff data of Urumqi Glacier No.1 used in this research were acquired from Annual Report of Tianshan Glacier Station, and that started observing in 1959.The data used by this study is collected from 1982-2014. The data of runoff was measured by the hydrology station of Urumqi Glacier No.1 Glacier, which is located in the lower reaches of the glacier about 300 m, and catchment area is about 3.34 km².The data of precipitation and runoff was provided by Daxigou Meteorological Station located in the altitude of 3 539 m, which is distant from the terminus of Urumqi No.1 Glacier about 3 km.Through the comparison of these two kinds of methods, we found that: ①It is better to use water balance method to calculate the mass balance in long time series. The result of water balance method was 1% different from the result of direct measurement during 1982-2014, and the corresponding glacier runoff coefficients were 0.7 and 0.85, respectively. ②The results of water balance method during 1982-2005 had a high correlation with the direct measurements, and the error was relatively small. Besides that, the glacier runoff coefficient reflected the glacier runoff well. However, there were obvious differences between the two kinds of methods during 2005 2012 which showed that the glacier runoff coefficients changed a lot. According to analyzing the two periods of 2005 to 2008 with large error and 1996 to 1999 with small error, we found that the results of water balance method were generally higher than that of the direct measurement in summer. The analysis showed that the changes of water conditions and the corresponding in the glacier runoff coefficient were the main reasons for these differences.The data of precipitation and runoff in the study area was combined with the measured mass balance data, and their potentially internal relationship was found, which could be used to acquire the meteorological data easily and to deduce the mass balance data which is difficult to be acquired. This conclusion is helpful to extending the study area from a single glacier or basin to a large regional scale. Limited to the shortage of data, for the example, this study only discusses the single glacier, Urumqi Glacier No.1. Overall, this study shows that using the potential of water balance method can compute the data of glacier mass balance more accurate on long time scale.     

敏东一矿软岩区地下水注浆治理技术及应用研究

由于敏东一矿南一采区覆岩岩性较软且粘土成分含量较高,造成采空区垮落带的储水空间有限,煤矿面临的矿井水外排压力和地下水保护问题尤为突出。通过对导致地下水涌漏的原因进行分析,认为煤层开采引起的覆岩导水裂隙是造成地下水涌漏的主要根源,而采用地面钻孔、人工注浆封堵方法隔绝地下水泄流通道,实施帷幕注浆加固技术对巷道导水裂隙进行封堵,可以有效封堵覆岩导水裂隙。实践证明,根据矿区的地质和水文条件,按照隧道帷幕注浆工程设计和施工流程,优选注浆孔位置、间距、注浆材料和浆液配比、钻孔结构和注浆施工参数等,采用孔内止浆花管注浆对巷道软围岩进行帷幕灌浆,使巷道软围岩裂隙得到充分充填和加固,是解决矿区矿井水“零排放”难题、实现地下水保护的重要途径。     

Characteristics of DDF at Baishui Glacier No.1 Region in Yulong Snow Mountain

Based on observed mass balance and meteorological data since September 2008 and ablation data by the expedition team of Tibetan plateau from June to August 1982 at Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1 region,we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes of degree-day factor(DDF) of the Baishui Glacier No.1 following the changes of space,time,and temperature,which lays a theoretical foundation to establish DDF model.The results indicate that the melting DDF of ice showed a significant down-ward trend with rising temperat...     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川消融对气候变化的响应

Current glacier recession under the global warming has aroused world-wide attention.Initiated from 1958,the observations show that over the past 50 years,the glacier has changed remarkably in the aspects of snow-firn stratigraphy,ice formation zone,ice temperature,area and terminus position,etc.These changes are apparently the results of temperature rise in this area.The glacier recession continued throughout the entire observed time period,and showed an accelerated tendency since 1985.Meltwater runoff also increased 84.2% over the last 20 years.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区兴地Ⅱ号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的地球化学特征与岩石成因

兴地Ⅱ号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于塔里木盆地东北缘的库鲁克塔格地区,形态为不规则的漏斗状岩盆,出露面积约10km²。岩石类型主要有方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、(含长)单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、方辉辉石岩、二辉辉石岩、单辉辉石岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩、辉长苏长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩等,岩石类型属拉斑玄武岩系列。岩体的稀土元素含量低(∑REE=10.73×10^-6~77.44×10^-6),富集轻稀土元素(La/Yb)_N=4.06~7.73和大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Sr、Ba),亏损高场强元素尤其是Nb、Ta、Ti、P等,δEu为0.90~2.46多数岩石显示出正铕异常。岩相学及地球化学特征表明,岩浆运移过程中主要发生了橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用以及斜长石的聚集/堆晶。原生岩浆为富镁拉斑玄武岩,岩浆源区为富集型岩石圈地幔,岩浆上升侵位过程中局部遭受了陆壳的同化混染。兴地Ⅱ号岩体与金川岩体具有很多的相似之处,而且兴地Ⅱ号岩体已见有铜镍矿化。因此,兴地Ⅱ号岩体具有很好的找矿前景。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川物质平衡过程研究

天山乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川１９５８－１９５９～１９９１－１９９２年度，以负物质平衡状态为主，累积负平衡量达８５１．９×１０４ｍ３，冰川平均亏损４５６２ｍｍ水层，与中亚山地冰川物质平衡的变化趋势相似，均是由夏季平均气温升高和年降水量减少引起的。分析１７ａ的物质平衡实测资料表明，净物质平衡与平衡线高度，以及平衡线高度与夏季平均气温和年降水量存在着密切关系，夏季平均气温变化１℃，平衡线高度变化１０２ｍ，年降水量变化１００ｍｍ，平衡线高度波动５８ｍ。     

东南沿海海堤现状调研报告（上海、浙江部分）

这部分是上海市和浙江省的海堤调研，包括新建保护上海市区的黄埔江防汛墙和钱塘江涌潮区的海塘与围垦海堤。介绍了当地海堤建设经验，分析了浙东９４１７号台风毁坏海堤的原因和存在问题，并推荐出较好结构型式的带平台复式斜坡堤和互花米草消浪的作用。建议今后必须进行三防（防浪、防冲、防渗）综合研究海堤的方向。     

海洋污染对毛蚶超氧化物歧化酶影响的研究

采用体内、体外染毒实验,研究了海洋中常见污染物0＃柴油、二甲苯以及重金属镉离子(Cd2+)对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,在实验剂量范围内,3种污染物对毛蚶肌肉中SOD均表现出不同程度诱导作用;0＃柴油和二甲苯体内、体外染毒对毛蚶SOD活性影响规律基本一致,这两种污染物对毛蚶SOD活性变化的剂量-效应曲线均为抛物线型;Cd2+在体内、体外染毒对毛蚶肌肉SOD活性诱导曲线均不呈抛物线型,低浓度Cd2+对毛蚶SOD活性表现为显著诱导,随后曲线迅速下降,表明毛蚶对Cd2+污染反应十分敏感,也表明Cd2+对毛蚶毒性作用较强,3种毒物对毛蚶的毒性强弱次序为,Cd2+,0＃柴油、二甲苯.     

9914号台风近海强度增强的主因分析

通过对9914号台风近海强度增强原因的分析后认为：台风中心高层流出场增强，辐散加大及弱冷空气触击台风北侧，是9914号台风近海强度增强的主要原因。