世界页岩气勘探开发现状及对中国的启示

页岩气是一种潜在资源量巨大的非常规天然气资源,具有开采技术要求高、开采寿命长、稳产周期长的特点。近些年来,严峻的能源紧张形势和能源价格的快速增长,使页岩气资源在全世界受到了广泛的重视。回顾了美国页岩气勘探开发的历史,总结了美国的页岩气发育情况,跟踪了世界其他地区(加拿大、欧洲)包括中国页岩气研究的最新进展情况。根据前人的资料,认为中国南方海相页岩和北方盆地的湖相页岩具有巨大的页岩气资源潜力。鉴于页岩气是一种非常规能源,对其研究具有重大的现实意义,建议中国相关部门加大研究投入力度,尽快开展页岩气资源战略调查和选区研究工作,加强技术攻关创新、引进和国际合作,探讨中国现实国情下的页岩气相关政策,以早日实现页岩气在中国的商业性开发,促进经济快速发展。     

Hydrocarbon- Generating Model of the Area Covered With Volcanic Rock

The distribution of Oil & gas fields shows their close relationship with the most active tectonic regions. This is not a coincidence but having a scientific reasons. The crustal active regions, refer to the places where the active natural earthquake, volcanic activities, underground water happened, and the areas of the leaking off of natural gas to the surface of the crust. The magma of volcanic activities brings the organic "kitchen range body" hydrocarbon- generating model and inorganic genetic hydrocarbon to the regions covered by volcanic rock. Underground water brings a catalytic hydrocarbongenerating model for organic matter, and the leaking- off of H2 and CO2 contributes a synthetic hydrocarbon - generating model. Volcanic activities bring the assemblage of Source, Reservoir and Seal formed by the sediments and magma the sedimentary basins, and the hydrocarbon - generating system with a "water - volcano" binary structure is formed. All these conditions are favorable and excellent for the formation of oil & gas fields. The distribution of American oil & gas fields have very close relationship with the mines of Fe, Mn, Ct, Mo, W and V, deposits of Zn, Cu, V, Pb, Al and Hg, and the deposits of fluorite, sulfur, potassium salt, phosphate and halite, and the distribution of sulfate- chloride of river water. The reason why few oil & gas fields discovered in the regions covered by volcanic rock in western America maybe because of the view of "inconsistency between petroleum and volcano". Further more, It's very difficult to carry out a geophysical exploration in such kinds of regions.This paper examined a few hydrocarbon-generating models (systems) mentioned above and came up with some fresh ideas on the exploration in the areas covered with volcanic rocks.     

Variability of theS q focus position in the South American continent

The daily variation of the H component at Pilar (31.7°S, 63–9°W) and Trelew (43.3°S, 65.3°W) in the South American continent indicates a great variability in amplitude from season to season and even from day to day. However, Pilar always remains equatorward of the southern S_q, focus. On the other hand, Trelew is in most cases slightly poleward of the S_q, focus; but the focus has large latitudinal excursions above and near Trelew. A cause of this variability could be the encroachment of polar ionospheric current systems into the low latitude ionospheric S_q, current system.     

Ouachita, Appalachian, and Ancestral Rockies deformations recorded in mesoscale structures on the foreland Ozark plateaus

Mesoscale structures in Paleozoic rocks of the Ozark plateaus reveal four Pennsylvanian deformation episodes in midcontinent North America. The two earliest episodes can be assigned to progressive northwestward docking of the Ouachita terrane with North America. Early extensional structures (Event 1) indicate a northwest/southeast maximum horizontal stress (Hmax) during Early Pennsylvanian Ouachita terrane advance. Event 2 extensional and strike-slip structures indicate Hmax across the Ozark plateaus that varies systematically from north-northwest/south-southeast in the south to northeast/southwest in the north. This suggests development of a slip-line deformation field in response to minor northeastward lateral escape of lithospheric blocks away from the northwestward-moving Ouachita terrane's leading edge, which acted as an indenter in western Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and Texas. Younger contractional and strike-slip structures of Event 3 indicate northeast/southwest Hmax across the entire Ozark plateaus, and deformation orientation and intensity are not readily assigned to Ouachita foreland deformation and may be related to Middle Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rockies contractional deformation. Finally, Event 4 contractional structures indicate northwest/southeast Hmax consistent with southern Appalachian late stage convergence.Deformation episodes are localized along basement fault zones, particularly at major bends, suggesting minor restraining-bend uplifts along strike-slip faults. Geometries of conjugate normal fault and hybrid shear joint arrays indicate localized areas of high differential stress consistent with basement block uplift at these bends. High-angle faults reactivated in a reverse sense and bedding-parallel veins suggest tensile minimum stresses and pore fluid pressures exceeding lithostatic stress, consistent with brine pulses driven into the midcontinent during Late Paleozoic orogeny (as proposed by other authors).     

Regional climate change experiments over southern South America. I: present climate

We present an analysis of a regional simulation of present-day climate (1981–1990) over southern South America. The regional model MM5 was nested within time-slice global atmospheric model experiments conducted by the HadAM3H model. We evaluate the capability of the model in simulating the observed climate with emphasis on low-level circulation patterns and surface variables, such as precipitation and surface air mean, maximum and minimum temperatures. The regional model performance was evaluated in terms of seasonal means, seasonal cycles, interannual variability and extreme events. Overall, the regional model is able to capture the main features of the observed mean surface climate over South America, its seasonal evolution and the regional detail due to topographic forcing. The observed regional patterns of surface air temperatures (mean, maxima and minima) are well reproduced. Biases are mostly within 3°C, temperature being overestimated over central Argentina and underestimated in mountainous regions during all seasons. Biases in northeastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil are positive during austral spring season and negative in other seasons. In general, maximum temperatures are better represented than minimum temperatures. Warm bias is larger during austral summer for maximum temperature and during austral winter for minimum temperature, mainly over central Argentina. The broad spatial pattern of precipitation and its seasonal evolution are well captured; however, the regional model overestimates the precipitation over the Andes region in all seasons and in southern Brazil during summer. Precipitation amounts are underestimated over the La Plata basin from fall to spring. Extremes of precipitation are better reproduced by the regional model compared with the driving model. Interannual variability is well reproduced too, but strongly regulated by boundary conditions, particularly during summer months. Overall, taking into account the quality of the simulation, we can conclude that the regional model is capable in reproducing the main regional patterns and seasonal cycle of surface variables. The present reference simulation constitutes the basis to examine the climate change simulations resulting from the A2 and B2 forcing scenarios which are being reported in a separate study.     

北美非开挖技术发展近况-水平定向钻进应用方面

2010年5月北美非开挖技术协会（NASTT）在美国芝加哥举办了一年一度年会,同时庆祝协会成立20周年,来自美国和加拿大的几百位学者对非开挖技术的各个方面进行了为期一个星期的探讨。本文主要从136篇会议论文中遴选了有关水平定向钻进技术在北美地区的应用近况进行了描述,包括水平定向钻进中的窜浆问题、入海口的钻进技术、敷设管道的推进技术、钻杆失效的管理、地表变形检测等方面进行了阐述,笔者希望通过这些技术介绍,能够对国内广大非开挖业内人士的设计、施工、研究有所借鉴。     

Developing local adaptation strategies for climate change in agriculture: A priority-setting approach with application to Latin America

Even with substantially increased attention to climate adaptation in developing countries in recent years, there are a number of important remaining research needs: better incorporating stakeholder input; using replicable methodologies to provide comparability across different settings; assuring that stakeholder input reflects the results of climate science, not simply perceptions; and effectively linking stakeholder input with the regional and national levels at which policy changes are made. This study reports the results of a methodology for identifying and prioritizing local, stakeholder-driven response options to climate change in agriculture. The approach is based on multi-criteria scoring methods previously applied to research planning and priority-setting in agricultural and natural resource management research, public health, and other areas. The methodology is a sequential approach built around needs assessments by local stakeholders; the incorporation of climate science results; the sharing of these results and climate adaption response options with stakeholders at a series of workshops; stakeholder priority-setting exercises using multi-criteria scoring; and validation with policymakers. The application is to three diverse agroecosystems in Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. Among the many findings is that, notwithstanding the wide diversity of agro-ecosystems, there are numerous similarities in the agricultural adaptation responses prioritized by local stakeholders.     

Putative Meteoritic Craters in Río Cuarto (Central Argentina) Interpreted as Eolian Structures

Ten oblong aligned depressions in the Río Cuarto area (provincia de Córdoba, Argentina) were supposed to be the result of very-low-angle Holocene meteoroid impacts. However, we consider that authors that studied the structures did not demonstrated their extraterrestrial origin. We suggest that an eolian origin for the structures of Río Cuarto is more likely. Actually, these landforms integrate large systems of similar deflation/accumulation geoforms aligned according to predominant winds during different periods.     

Mobile bodies: Animal migration in North American history

North Americans have had a profound affect on wildlife, especially migratory animals such as elk, bison, salmon, and many species of birds. Migration is a vital adaptation for these and other species. Yet despite this importance and the myriad ways in which people have influenced and understood migration, environmental geographers have devoted scant attention to it. This paper examines the role of animal migration in North American history. North Americans have affected and managed animal migrants in six primary ways: transforming migrant habitats; harvesting migrants; obstructing and facilitating migrants; working across borders; visualizing migrants; and accepting and resisting migrants. I examine these different aspects of animal migration history in North America and end with a discussion of how other geographers such as environmental historical geographers, political ecologists, and animal geographers can employ this framework.