中资企业离岸研发研究进展：经济地理学的探索

基于经济地理学领域的相关文献,系统梳理并评述了中资企业离岸研发的已有研究进展。研究发现,目前国内外经济地理学在中资企业离岸研发的区位选择、空间组织、行为主体等作用机制及溢出效应等方面取得了一批研究成果：中资企业离岸研发的区位主导因素因东道国特征和企业发展阶段不同而有所侧重,离岸研发的空间组织模式及其知识流动路径因其在全球创新格局中的地位而呈现差异化特征,其中跨国人员在帮助企业及地区获取其知识溢出并实现技术追赶中发挥重要的“边界扳手”作用;但同时现有研究也存在理论针对性不强、分析手段缺乏、溢出效应重视不够等问题：建议针对中资企业离岸研发活动的特点,从关系、制度、演化的视角入手,建立新的企业离岸研发理论假说。并从创新活动“流的空间”的视角入手,揭示多尺度下中资企业离岸研发空间演化规律;从关系和演化经济地理学视角入手,厘清不同尺度及多维邻近性视角下中资企业离岸研发区位因子;从中资企业特殊商业文化入手,分析华人华侨、海外人才等行为主体在中资企业离岸研发活动形成与发展中的作用;从创新溢出效应的视角入手,区分中资企业离岸研发活动对母国和东道国发展的影响。     

空间尺度视角下的家庭能源消费研究进展与展望

能源是地理学研究的核心议题,家庭能源消费活动作为区域典型人地关系活动的形式,是能源地理精细化研究的一大趋势。论文基于地理学的空间尺度视角,回顾了能源地理研究的缘起、家庭能源消费的空间特征、形成机制及数据来源,对存在问题进行述评,并从当前家庭能源消费面临的机遇出发,对未来值得进一步深入研究的主题进行了展望和阐释。主要得到3个结论：① 构建全景式家庭能源数据调查框架,将地域类型与能源类型、数量、用途纳入调查的视域;② 中观尺度的研究有待加强,通过微观—中观—宏观尺度内关系的协调,从一个相互嵌套式的结构整体中去认识和把握家庭能源消费特征及规律;③ 构建家庭属性、地理因素、生活方式等多要素综合集成分析框架,剖析家庭能源消费空间特征的形成动因,实现对家庭能源消费空间分异过程的本质理解。研究有助于地理学能源领域的空间研究和实践的国际化,对中国家庭能源消费的理论视角补充具有积极的学科意义。     

Constructing a Social Justice Tour: Pedagogy,Race, and Student Learning through Geography

This article describes a high-impact learning project that combines geography, history, and ethnic studies. It describes the construction of the course, student outcomes, and the final and publicly presented collaborative project: the Social Justice Tour of Corvallis. Based on work in a small largely white town, this project presents a reproducible model for student learning and actively engaging with questions of race and geography.     

“Doing Geography”: Evaluating an Independent Geographic Inquiry Assessment Task in an Initial Teacher Education Program

The assessment task of the final course in a bachelor of secondary education program is examined for opportunities for preservice geography teachers to achieve the course aims of integrating, consolidating, applying, and reflecting on the knowledge and skills they have learned during their initial teacher education program. The results show that the preservice teachers did better in some areas (integrating, consolidating, and reflecting) than in others (applying). This has implications for curriculum renewal in geography methods courses—specifically to provide more opportunities for preservice teachers to practice applying the knowledge and skills they have gained during the program, essential for their future roles as senior geography teachers.     

OpenStreetMap and Food Security: A Case Study in the City of Philadelphia

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is an online public access database that allows for the collaborative collection of local geographic information. We employ this mapping technology to discuss a new social theory of poverty that moves away from income poverty to an economy that directly produces individuals' basic needs. Focusing on urban farming in Philadelphia as an example, we use OSM to support the argument that money, land, labor, and capital do not limit food production in the city. OSM is a type of “commons” that allows community members to depict features of interest to them that might otherwise be underrepresented in official or commercially produced maps such as Google Maps. Using the concept of facilitated volunteered geographic information (VGI) we developed an open framework for combining residents' local knowledge of food resources with expert guidance in data input. We believe this helps overcome problems with ad hoc data submission efforts to which collaborative online projects are susceptible. The program for “tagging” food resources in OSM was deployed in a public “map-a-thon” event we organized in Philadelphia, bringing together technical experts and food enthusiasts. To share the results, we present the Philly Fresh Food Map as an interactive online Web map that can be used and updated by the public.     

A framework for identifying activity groups from individual space-time profiles

ABSTRACT

Datasets collecting the ever-changing position of moving individuals are usually big and possess high spatial and temporal resolution to reveal activity patterns of individuals in greater detail. Information about human mobility, such as ‘when, where and why people travel’, is contained in these datasets and is necessary for urban planning and public policy making. Nevertheless, how to segregate the users into groups with different movement and behaviours and generalise the patterns of groups are still challenging. To address this, this article develops a theoretical framework for uncovering space-time activity patterns from individual’s movement trajectory data and segregating users into subgroups according to these patterns. In this framework, individuals’ activities are modelled as their visits to spatio-temporal region of interests (ST-ROIs) by incorporating both the time and places the activities take place. An individual’s behaviour is defined as his/her profile of time allocation on the ST-ROIs she/he visited. A hierarchical approach is adopted to segregate individuals into subgroups based upon the similarity of these individuals’ profiles. The proposed framework is tested in the analysis of the behaviours of London foot patrol police officers based on their GPS trajectories provided by the Metropolitan Police.     

Why Best Buy's Dual Brand Strategy Failed in Canada

This study investigates how the U.S.-based consumer electronics retailer Best Buy implemented its dual brand strategy in Canada following its acquisition of Future Shop in 2001. The study examines the differentiations between the two brands (Best Buy and Future Shop) in four aspects: geographical adjacency, store operation, product offering, and price structure. The study reveals that Best Buy takes a spatial proximity approach to store development with both Best Buy and Future Shop stores at many locations. Yet, their big box stores have very similar product offerings and price structure. Limited forms of differentiation are observed in store operations; however, they are insufficient to avoid cannibalization. Although the dual brand strategy should not be viewed as the only cause of Best Buy Canada losing its competitive edge in the Canadian consumer electronics market, it is a factor that affects its ability to reduce overhead costs in competition with online retailers and has led Best Buy to abandon this strategy in Canada.     

1930s-2000年广西地区石漠化分布的变迁

根据民国时期《广西省各县石山林木保护办法》中对石山的定义,对应目前石漠化等级划分方法,把该时期的石山区解读为轻度及以上石漠化分布地区.通过对1930s国民政府参谋本部陆地测量总局编绘的1:10万广西省地形图上所绘石山范围进行数字化,并与2000年广西壮族自治区石漠化分布现状图进行比较,揭示了近70年来广西地区石漠化分布在空间上的变化.研究表明:① 1930s广西地区轻度及以上石漠化面积为31922.25 km²,比2000年的27123.21 km²多出4799 km²,说明民国时期广西地区轻度及以上石漠化土地分布范围比当代的大,但在空间变迁上表现出此增彼减的变化特点;② 2000年的数据中有47个县石漠化面积比1930s的少,减少的总面积为9045.5 km²,集中分布在广西西部和中部,都安瑶族自治县的变化最明显,近70年内减少了894.8 km²;③ 2000年有30个县的石漠化面积比1930s的多,共增加了4246 km²,集中分布在广西东北部,其中全州县增加了556.55 km².     

New perspectives on ethnic segregation over time and space. A domains approach

Ethnic segregation has most often been studied at the place of residence, segregation being defined on the basis of the relative presence of different groups within city neighbourhoods. It is increasingly recognized, however, that segregation occurs in different ways in different domains (such as the workplace, leisure, social media, etc.), the residential domain being just one of many in which segregation can occur. In this research note we present the domains approach to segregation and outline some its conceptual, methodological and empirical underpinnings and challenges.     

自然地理学综合研究理论与实践之继承与创新

自然地理综合研究是指将陆地表层地貌、气候、水文、植被、土壤等基本要素融为一体,研究各要素之间总的联系,研究单个要素及其周围现象之间的联系,从而揭示出陆地表层要素相互作用的过程及其形成的格局。这是认识自然地理环境形成和发展的根本途径。地理学家郑度先生,在自然地理综合研究的理论与实践的长期探索中取得开拓性成果,是当代自然地理综合研究的引领者之一。他在青藏高原自然环境的地域分异与格局研究中,构建了高原山地垂直带谱系统,阐明了高海拔区域三维地带性规律,揭示出高原独特的地生态现象及其空间格局,证实并确认高原寒冷干旱的核心区域,提出了青藏高原自然地域系统方案;在自然地域系统综合研究中,建立了适用于山地与高原的自然区划原则和方法,提出中国生态地理区域系统的新方案;在生态建设领域,强调要重视地域分异和尊重自然规律,指出干旱区土地和水资源的开发利用要重视区域发展和环境的协调;基于人类与自然界和谐的理念,他积极推动区域发展中环境伦理的研究和应用。本文回顾分析郑度先生半个多世纪以来,在自然地理学综合研究的理论与实践成果,力图从中参悟郑度先生自然地理综合研究的系统性思想以及开拓进取、探索创新的科研方法。