Spatial-temporal characterization of the San Andreas Fault by fault-zone trapped waves at seismic experiment site,Parkfield, California

In this article, we review our previous research for spatial and temporal characterizations of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) at Parkfield, using the fault-zone trapped wave (FZTW) since the middle 1980s. Parkfield, California has been taken as a scientific seismic experimental site in the USA since the 1970s, and the SAF is the target fault to investigate earthquake physics and forecasting. More than ten types of field experiments (including seismic, geophysical, geochemical, geodetic and so on) have been carried out at this experimental site since then. In the fall of 2003, a pair of scientific wells were drilled at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) site; the main-hole (MH) passed a ～200-m-wide low-velocity zone (LVZ) with highly fractured rocks of the SAF at a depth of ～3.2 km below the wellhead on the ground level (Hickman et al., 2005; Zoback, 2007; Lockner et al., 2011). Borehole seismographs were installed in the SAFOD MH in 2004, which were located within the LVZ of the fault at ～3-km depth to probe the internal structure and physical properties of the SAF. On September 282004, a M6 earthquake occurred ～15 km southeast of the town of Parkfield. The data recorded in the field experiments before and after the 2004 M6 earthquake provided a unique opportunity to monitor the co-mainshock damage and post-seismic heal of the SAF associated with this strong earthquake. This retrospective review of the results from a sequence of our previous experiments at the Parkfield SAF, California, will be valuable for other researchers who are carrying out seismic experiments at the active faults to develop the community seismic wave velocity models, the fault models and the earthquake forecasting models in global seismogenic regions.     

大别山北麓佛子岭群的特征及其形成的大地构造环境

佛子岭群主要由一套绿片岩相的变质岩组成,分布在安徽境内的大别山北麓。其上部为一套变质的复理石建造,下部为变质的火山-沉积岩建造。佛子岭群的变质火山岩的岩石化学特征及佛子岭群的岩石组合特征表明,佛子岭群是发育在一断陷盆地中,该断陷盆地可能在晚元古代早期开始拉张,在晚元古代末期闭合。在此期间,郯-庐断裂带在华北断块和大别山古老断块之间的拉张与闭合过程中可能起着类似于转换断层的作用。     

Study of Influence of Regional Geodynamic Background on Strata Behaviors in China's Tongxin Mine

Strata behaviors are mainly affected by regional geodynamic background. The influence of rock mass stress and energy distribution on strata behaviors in the Tongxin mine is studied in terms of regional tectonic movement, seismic activity and tectonic stress field. The results show that the extrusion lifting movement of Kouquan fault adjacent to the Tongxin mine results in the stress concentration in the rock of the Carboniferous coal bed and accumulation of a large amount of elastic energy and forms structural background of Tongxin mine. Due to various seismic activities in the mine area, the strain energy is known to reach much higher levels, up to 0.5×10⁸ J^1/2. Since the stratigraphic structure is sensitive to the mining operation, the strain energy could cause strong strata behaviors. A special geological structure model of the Tongxin mine is established based on the geodynamic division method. The distribution of regional structure stress field is determined by the rock mass stress analysis system. Based on this model, Tongxin mine is divided into five areas with high stress, eight areas with low stress and eight areas with gradient stress. The strong strata behaviors mostly occur in high stress areas. These results could provide guidance to predict the strength of regional or mine pressure and control strata behavior in different areas.     

龙门山南段前缘地区活褶皱-逆断层运动学机制——以芦山地震为例

2013年4月20日发生在龙门山南段的芦山MS7.0地震是继发生在龙门山中北段的汶川MS8.0地震之后的又一次强震。本文通过震后地表变形特征、余震分布、震源机制解、石油地震勘探剖面、历史地震数据等资料,结合前人对龙门山南段主干断裂、褶皱构造特征的研究以及野外实地考察,应用活动褶皱及"褶皱地震"的相关理论,初步分析芦山地震的发震构造模式。认为芦山地震为典型的褶皱地震,发震断裂为前山或山前带一隐伏断裂。构造挤压产生的地壳缩短大部分被褶皱构造吸收。认为龙门山南段前缘地区具有活褶皱-逆断层的运动学特征,表明龙门山逆冲作用正向四川盆地内部扩展。     

柴达木盆地西部地区断裂类型及油气勘探意义

为研究柴西地区油气成藏及其与青藏高原隆升的关系,我们借助生长断层定性和定量分析,总结出该区断裂在演化上总体可归纳为两个主要形成时期和4种表现形式：早期形成时期(E1＋2?N),中生代以来开始活动,多数终止于下油砂山组末(约14.9 Ma); 晚期形成时期(N?Q),上油砂山组开始活动,狮子沟组(约8.2 Ma)以来活动尤为剧烈,持续至今。在形式上主要表现为限于下或上构造层的生长断层; 贯穿下、上构造层的生长断层和后期断层4类。柴西地区的这种断裂构造特征,与青藏高原的分阶段隆升相对应,控制着该区的油气运移、成藏、保存及改造,对我们在柴西地区的油气勘探工作具有重大意义。     

似鱼形断层角砾形成机制及意义

在湖南衡东县铅锌矿观察到一种似鱼形的断层角砾。利用单个角砾即可指示断层两盘位移方向和断层面产状。作者认为它将为变质岩区矿田构造研究、为钻孔岩心研究和矿山坑道地质研究中确定断层位移方向带来方便。     

渭河盆地断层活动反映的第四纪构造事件初步研究

研究了渭河盆地南缘和北缘几条断裂第四纪活动性的迁移变化。利用横跨断裂的构造地层剖面 ,结合断裂上覆黄土地层的年代学研究结果 ,对断裂活动强度迁移变化的演化阶段进行了研究。结果表明 ,在大约 80～ 90万年前 ,渭河盆地南缘的临潼 -长安断裂带的活动性发生了显著变化 ,骊山山前断裂也有活动性迁移现象 ,渭南塬前断裂开始强烈活动 ,渭南塬全面抬升 ;12万年前左右 ,渭河盆地北缘的口镇 -关山断裂活动性明显减弱。该区断层活动的这些变化是对第四纪中晚期的 2次重要构造事件的反映     

东营凹陷高青-平南断裂带幔源流体活动特征及其成藏效应

东营凹陷高青-平南断裂带为幔源流体运移的主要通道,该幔源流体主要为岩浆(岩)和CO2气体。高青-平南断裂带幔源流体活动方式和活动强度存在着时间和空间上的差异,该断裂带在古近纪-新近纪至少经历了四期富CO2幔源流体活动。高青-平南断裂带富CO2幔源流体对油气成藏的影响主要表现在：①直接形成无机CO2气藏;②通过能量——热的作用和物质,即CO2的加入,影响水-岩相互作用的强度和方向,从而改善油气储集层的物性;③在一定程度上提高源岩的排烃效率,增加油气的运移速率。     

阿尔金断裂系的组成及相关中新生代含油气盆地的成因特征

阿尔金构造带是多次俯冲—碰撞而形成的塔里木板块东南边缘,构造带内的走滑活动始于奥陶纪中晚期,中新生代强烈活动,并将北部不同构造单元的一些地质体拖曳到断裂带中,形成北山与敦煌构造楔。北山—阿拉善及断裂两侧的其他地质体受到走滑拉分作用的强烈改造,形成许多中新生代含油气盆地,共同构成我国中西部一条巨型走滑断裂系。     

海原地区早白垩世古地磁结果及其构造意义

通过海原地区早白垩世13个采点的古地磁研究,揭示了一组高温特征剩磁分量.在5%置信度下通过倒转检验,采样剖面获得的下白垩统李洼峡组和和尚铺组的磁性地层结果,显示多个正、反极性带,与早白垩世早期的极性特征相似,说明这组高温分量很可能代表岩石形成时的原生剩磁,其特征剩磁方向为：偏角D=12.7°,倾角I=50.2°,α5=6.3°;相应的极位置为：经度φ=218.0°E,纬度λ=78.2°N,dp=5.7°,dm=8.4°,古纬度ρ=31.0°.通过对比华北地块鄂尔多斯盆地的早白垩世古地磁结果,表明采样地区自早白垩世以来相对于华北鄂尔多斯盆地未发生明显的构造旋转和纬度方向上的位移.这说明海原断裂东南段并未发生大规模的左旋走滑运动,印度—欧亚板块碰撞挤压作用对青藏高原东北部海原地区的影响已经很小.